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Week 02_Development Environment of C++.pdf
- 1. By Salman Khizer NUML University Faisalabad Campus Programming Fundamentals Week 2
- 2. Development Environment Bloodshed Dev-C++
- 4. Features of C++ Case Sensitivity Convenient language Well structured Object oriented Speed Popular Modular programming Powerful for Development
- 5. Basic Structure of C++ The format of writing program in C++ is called its/language structure. It consist of the following: 1. Preprocessor Directive (Header files) 2. Main() function 3. Program Body
- 6. Preprocessor Directive Start with # symbol This one directs the preprocessor to add some predefined source code to our existing source code before the compiler begins to process it. The #include directive specifies a file, called a header, that contains the specifications for the library code. Name of header file written in angle brackets < > . Example #include<iostream.h> Basic Header files #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> Etc etc.
- 7. Main Function & Program Body Main () Declares that start of main program and end of header part. void main() { } Program Body Includes instructions for C++ and for execution of program void main() { Body of Program / Main function (to process) }
- 8. C++ Statements Statement in a language is an instruction for the computer to perform a task. It is written in curly braces { … }. As before it is mentioned in„body of the main function‟. Example #include<iostream> Using namespace std; int main() { cout<<“Welcome to Riphah College of Computing.”; return 0; }
- 9. Debugging in C++ if you missed out or enter something incorrectly into your program, the compiler will report a syntax error message when it tries to compile it. An error is known as„Bug‟. Finding and removing bugs in a language is known as „Debugging‟. Types of Errors 1. Fatal Syntax error 2. Logical error 3. Run-time error
- 10. Identifier An identifier is a word used to name things. These are the names used to represent variable, constant, function and labels . Identifiers are limited to 31 characters only Names such as area, sum, and UserName are much better than the equally permissible a, s, and u. Rules Identifiers must contain at least one character. The first character must be an alphabetic letter (upper or lower case) or the (_) underscore. Allows only alphabets, numbers and underscore Reserved words/keywords cannot be used for this purpose. No other characters (including spaces) are permitted in identifiers.
- 11. Types of identifiers Standard Identifiers A type of identifier that has special meaning in C++ is known as standard identifier.You cannot use such identifier for your own specific purpose because it is predefined in C++. For example cout, void, if, int and float etc. are examples of standard identifier. User-defined Identifiers The type of identifier that is defined by the programmer to access memory location to define his/her own special purpose of thing. Such identifiers are used to store data and results of programs. For example average, num, result, area etc.
- 12. Identifiers or C++ Keywords
- 13. Fundamentals of Programming Constructs DataTypes Variables Variable Declarations and Initialization Constants & its types Expression Operators Assignment Statement CompoundAssignment Operator Increment/Decrement Operator Operator Precedence Input and Output Manipulators
- 14. Data Types C++ provides built-in data types that correspond to integers, characters, floating-point values, and Boolean values. These are the ways that data is commonly stored and manipulated by a program. At the core of the C++ type system are the seven basic data types shown here: The data type modifiers are listed here: signed unsigned long short
- 15. Data Types FollowingTable shows all valid combinations of the basic types and the type modifiers.
- 16. Table below shows typical bit widths and ranges for the C++ data types in a 32-bit environment, such as that used byWindows XP.
- 17. Main Data Types We will do mostly exercise related to following four data types that are frequently used as built in data types: 1. Int 2. Real data types 3. Char 4. bool
- 18. The number four (4) is an example of a numeric value. In mathematics, 4 is an integer value that has range –2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647.. Integers are whole numbers, which means they have no fractional parts, and an integer can be positive, negative, or zero. Examples of integers include 4, 19, 0, and1005. In contrast, 4.5 is not an integer, since it is not a whole number. #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main () { int x; x = 15; cout<<“Value of X = ” ; cout << x ; getch (); } int data type
- 19. Table below shows Characteristics of Visual C++ Integer Data Types
- 20. Following program shows the difference between signed and unsigned integers. #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main () { short int i; // a signed short integer unsigned short j; // an unsigned short integer j = 60000; // j has range 0 to 65,535 and i has -32,768 to 32,767 i = j; // cout << i << “ ” << j ; getch (); } Try this example
- 21. Real data is numeric value with decimal point or fraction. It is also called floating point number. It also includes both positive and negative values. For example, the formula from mathematics to compute the area of a circle given the circle‟s radius, involves the value pi, which is approximately 3.14159. The minus sign (–) is used to indicate negative value. If no sign is used, the value is positive by default. Some examples of real values are 11.5, 7. 009 and – 215.798 etc. #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main () { float x; x = 25.87; cout<<“Value of X = ”; cout << x ; getch (); } Real Data Types
- 22. Following example calculate the area of a circle #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main () { float radius, pi, area_circle; radius = 5; pi = 3.14159; cout<<“Area of Circle is = ”; cout << pi * radius * radius ; getch (); }
- 23. Table below shows Characteristics of Floating-point Numbers on 32-bit Computer Systems
- 24. This data type is used to store character value. It takes 1 bye in memory. It is used to represent a letter, number or punctuation mark and a few other symbols. In C++ source code, characters are enclosed by single quotes ('), for example char ch = 'A„; It can represent single character such as„a‟,„x‟,„9‟, and„#‟.The character„9‟ is manipulated differently than integer 9. however it is possible to perform mathematical operation on character values. Standard ASCII can represent 128 different characters. #include <iostream> #include <conio.h> void main () { char ch1, ch2; ch1 = „M‟; ch2 = „N‟; cout<<“character are: ” << ch1 << <<“and ” << ch2 „n‟ ; getch (); } Character data type
- 25. ASCII codes for characters
- 26. Try this example #include <iostream> #include <conio.h> void main () { char ch1, ch2; ch1 = 65; ch2 = „A‟; cout << ch1 << ", " << ch2 << ", " << 'A' << 'n'; getch (); } Try to guess the output of program
- 27. Explanation The program will display following output. A,A,A The first A is printed because the statement ch1 = 65; which assigns theASCII code forA to ch1. The second A is printed because the statement ch2 = 'A'; assigns the literal character A to ch2. The third A is printed because the literal character 'A' is sent directly to the output stream. Standard (double) quotes (") are reserved for strings, which are composed of characters, but strings and chars are very different.
- 28. bool data type The bool type is a relatively recent addition to C++. It stores Boolean (that is, true/false) values. C++ defines two Boolean constants, true and false, which are the only two values that a bool value can have. it is important to understand how true and false are defined by C++. One of the fundamental concepts in C++ is that any nonzero value is interpreted as true and zero is false. This concept is fully compatible with the bool data type because when used in a Boolean expression, C++ automatically converts any nonzero value into true. It automatically converts zero into false. The reverse is also true.
- 29. bool data type #include <iostream> #include <conio.h> void main () { bool b; b = false; cout<< "b is " << b << „n‟; b = true; cout<< "b is " << b << „n‟; if (b) cout<< "This is executed. n " ; b = false; cout<< "This is not executed. n " ; cout<< "10 > 9 is " << (10 > 9) << " n " ;; getch (); } Try to guess the output of program
- 30. Variables A variable is a named memory location or memory cell. It is used to hold program‟s input and computational results. Variable value may change, however name can‟t be changed. In algebra, variables are used to represent numbers.The same is true in C++, except C++ variables also can represent values other than numbers. C++ is a case sensitive language uppercase and lower case are different: number is different from Number or nUmber. Valid identifiers: int abc, char aBc, int first_var, float _first Invalid identifiers: int 3bc, int a*b, int #a, int void
- 31. Variables The variable are created in RAM, that‟s why any value stored in it is also temporary because RAM is temporary memory. When program ends, data in variable is automatically removed. Following things are associated with any variable. 1. Name of variable 2. Address of variable 3. Computer memory Marks 25 Content of variable
- 32. Variable Naming Conventions PascalCase and camelCase camelCase variable names examples: number, firstName, dateOfBirth PascalCase variable names examples: Number, FirstName, DateOfBirth
- 33. Variable Declaration & Initialization The process of specifying variable name and its type is called variable declaration. It can be declared anywhere in the program before its use The syntax of declaring variables is as follows: data_type variable_name; data_type: it indicates type of data can be stored and size of variable. variable_name: it refers to the memory location of variable. The process of assigning a value to a variable at the time of declaration is known as variable initialization. The equal sign = is used The syntax of intializing a variable is as follows: type_name variable_name = value;
- 34. Examples of Variable Declarations & Initialization int myAge, char countryName; int a, b, c; int firstNumber =10; int secondNumber=11; int thirdNumber; thirdNumber=23; float fnumber; fnumber=19.8;
- 35. Constants & its types A quantity or number that cannot be changed. Two types of constants in C++. 1. Literal constant Types of literal constant (according to data types) Integer constant Floating point constant Character constant String constant 2. Symbolic constant is a name given to values that can‟t be changed.A constant must be initialized. e.g. PI can be used to indicate value of 3.141593.