Synchronous and-asynchronous-data-transfer
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Synchronous data transfer involves sharing a common clock between a CPU and I/O interface so that data transfer is coordinated. Asynchronous transfer has independent clocks, so handshaking methods like strobe control and handshaking are used. Strobe control uses a single strobe pulse to indicate valid data. Handshaking adds a second control signal for acknowledgment between units. This ensures the source knows data was received and the destination knows data is available.
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Synchronous and-asynchronous-data-transfer
- 1. SYNCHRONOUS & 24-Nov-2010 ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER www.eazynotes.com 1 Maninder Kaur professormaninder@gmail.com
- 2. SYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER 24-Nov-2010 In a digital system, the internal operations are synchronized by means of clock pulses supplied by a common pulse generator. www.eazynotes.com In a computer, CPU and an I/O interface are designed independently of each other. If the registers in the interface share a common clock with the CPU registers, the data transfer between two units are said to be synchronous. 2
- 3. ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER 24-Nov-2010 In a computer system, CPU and an I/O interface are designed independently of each other. www.eazynotes.com When internal timing in each unit is independent from the other and when registers in interface and registers of CPU uses its own private clock. In that case the two units are said to be asynchronous to each other. CPU and I/O device must coordinate for data transfers. 3
- 4. METHODS USED IN ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER 24-Nov-2010 Strobe Control: This is one way of transfer i.e. by means of strobe pulse supplied by one of the units to www.eazynotes.com indicate to the other unit when the transfer has to occur. Handshaking: This method is used to accompany each data item being transferred with a control signal that indicates the presence of data in the bus. The unit receiving the data item responds with another control signal to acknowledge receipt of the data. 4
- 5. STROBE CONTROL 24-Nov-2010 Strobe control method of data transfer uses a single control signal for each transfer. The strobe may be activated by either the source unit or the www.eazynotes.com destination unit. Source Initiated Strobe Destination Initiated Strobe Data bus Source Destination Unit Strobe Unit 5
- 6. SOURCE INITIATED STROBE 24-Nov-2010 The data bus carries the binary information from source unit to the destination unit as shown below. www.eazynotes.com The strobe is a single line that informs the destination unit when a valid data word is available in the bus. Timing diagram Data Valid data Strobe 6
- 7. SOURCE INITIATED STROBE 24-Nov-2010 The source unit first places the data on the bus. www.eazynotes.com After a brief delay to ensure that the data settle to a steady value, the source activities the strobe pulse. The information of the data bus and the strobe signal remain in the active state for a sufficient time period to allow the destination unit to receive the data. The source removes the data from the bus for a 7 brief period of time after it disables its strobe pulse.
- 8. DESTINATION INITIATED STROBE 24-Nov-2010 First, the destination unit activates the strobe pulse, informing the source to provide the data. www.eazynotes.com The source unit responds by placing the requested binary information on the unit to accept it. The data must be valid and remain in the bus long enough for the destination unit to accept it. The falling edge of the strobe pulse can be used again to trigger a destination register. The destination unit then disables the strobe. The source removes the data from the bus after a predetermined time interval. 8
- 9. DESTINATION INITIATED STROBE 24-Nov-2010 Timing diagram Data Valid data www.eazynotes.com Strobe Data bus Source Destination Unit Strobe Unit Block diagram 9
- 10. HANDSHAKING 24-Nov-2010 In case of source initiated data transfer under strobe control method, the source unit has no way of knowing whether destination unit has received the data or not. www.eazynotes.com Similarly, destination initiated transfer has no method of knowing whether the source unit has placed the data on the data bus. Handshaking mechanism solves this problem by introducing a second control signal that provides a reply to the unit that initiate the transfer. There are two control lines in handshaking technique: Source to destination unit 10 Destination to source unit
- 11. SOURCE INITIATED TRANSFER 24-Nov-2010 Handshaking signals are used to synchronize the bus activities. www.eazynotes.com The two handshaking lines are data valid, which is generated by the source unit, and data accepted, generated by the destination unit. The timing diagram shows exchange of signals between two units. 11
- 12. SOURCE INITIATED TRANSFER 24-Nov-2010 Data bus Source Data valid Destinatio Unit n Unit www.eazynotes.com Data accepted Block diagram Data Valid data Timing diagram Strobe 12 Data accepted
- 13. SOURCE INITIATED TRANSFER USING HANDSHAKING 24-Nov-2010 The sequence of events: www.eazynotes.com The source unit initiates the transfer by placing the data on the bus and enabling its data valid signal. The data accepted signals is activated by the destination unit after it accepts the data from the bus. The source unit then disables its data valid signal, which invalidates the data on the bus. 13 The destination unit the disables its data accepted signal and the system goes into its initial state.
- 14. SOURCE INITIATED TRANSFER USING HANDSHAKING 24-Nov-2010 Source Unit Destination Unit Place data on bus. www.eazynotes.com Enable data valid Accept data from bus. Enable data accepted Disable data valid. Invalidate data on bus. Disable data accepted. Ready to accept data. 14 Sequence of events
- 15. DESTINATION INITIATED TRANSFER USING HANDSHAKING 24-Nov-2010 In this case the name of the signal generated by the destination unit is ready for data. www.eazynotes.com The source unit does not place the data on the bus until it receives the ready for data signal from the destination unit. The handshaking procedure follows the same pattern as in source initiated case. The sequence of events in both the cases is almost same except the ready for signal has been converted from data 15 accepted in case of source initiated.
- 16. DESTINATION INITIATED TRANSFER 24-Nov-2010 Data bus Source Data valid Destinatio unit n unit www.eazynotes.com Ready for data Block diagram Ready for Data Timing diagram Data valid 16 Data bus
- 17. TRANSFER USING HANDSHAKING 24-Nov-2010 Source Unit Destination Unit www.eazynotes.com Ready to accept data. Enable ready for data Place data on bus. Enable data valid. Accept data from bus. Disable ready for data. Disable data valid. Invalidate data on bus. 17
- 18. 24-Nov-2010 www.eazynotes.com 18