pointers, virtual functions and polymorphisms in c++ || in cpp

Mar 11, 2016Download as ppt, pdf0 likes1,046 views

The document discusses pointers, virtual functions, and polymorphism in C++. It covers early binding/compile-time polymorphism using function overloading and operator overloading. Late binding/run-time polymorphism is achieved using virtual functions, where the appropriate function version is selected at runtime based on the object. Pointer to objects and using the arrow operator -> to access members through object pointers is described. Memory allocation for single and array objects using new is also covered.

Chapter 9
Pointers, Virtual functions &
Polymorphism

Page  2
Contents
•Introduction
•Pointers
•Pointers to objects
•this pointers
•pointers to derived class
•virtual functions
•pure virtual function

Page  3
Early Binding or
Compile Time Polymorphism
 The concept of polymorphism is implemented
using overloaded functions and operators.
 The overloaded memberfunctions are selected
forinvoking by matching arguments, both type
and numbers.
 This information is known to the compilerat the
compile time and, therefore, compileris able to
select the appropriate function fora particular
call at the compile time itself.
 This is called early binding orstatic binding or
static linking.

Page  4
Late Binding or
Run Time Polymorphism
class A
{
int x;
public:
void show( ) {……}
};
class B : public A
{
int y;
public:
void show( ) {……}
};
 Since the prototype of
show( ) is the same in
both the places, the
function is not
overloaded and therefore
static binding does not
apply.
 The class resolution
operatoris used to
specify the class while
invoking the functions
with the derived class.
 Appropriate member
function is selected while
the program is running.

Page  5
Late Binding or
Run Time Polymorphism
 The appropriate version of
function will be invoked at
runtime.
 Since the function is linked
with a particularclass
much laterafterthe
compilation, this process is
termed as late binding.
 This also known as
dynamic binding, since the
selection of appropriate
function is done
Polymorphism
Compile time Run time
Function
Overloading
Operator
Overloading
Virtual
Functions
Achieving Polymorphism

Page  6
Pointer To Objects
 item * it_ptr; whereitemis aclass andit_ptris apointerof
typeitem.
 Object pointers are useful in creats objects at run time.
 An object pointercan be used to access the public
members of an object.

Page  7
Pointer To Objects
class item
{
int code;
float price;
public:
void getdata( int a, float b )
{ code =a; price = b;}
void show( void )
{ cout << “Code :” <<
code<<endl;
<< “Price :” << price <<
endl; }
};
item x;
item *ptr = &x;
 We can referto the
memberfunctions of item
in two ways:
 Using dot operatorand
object.
 x.getdata(100,75.50);
 x.show( );
 Using arrow operatorand
object pointer.
 ptr-> getdata(100,
75.50);
 ptr-> show( );
 Since *ptris an alias of x
 (*ptr).show( );
continue…

Page  8
Pointer To Objects
 We can also create the objects using pointers and new
operator as:
 item * ptr = new item ;
 This statement allocates enough memory for the data members in
the object structure and assigns the address of the memory space
to ptr.
 We can also create an array of objects using pointers
 Item *ptr = new item[10];
 Creates memory space for an array of 10 objects of item.
continue…

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The document discusses file input and output streams in C++. It introduces the different stream classes - ifstream, ofstream and fstream that are used for file operations. It explains how to open and close files using constructor and open() member function. It describes sequential input/output operations using functions like put(), get(), write() and read(). It also covers concepts like file pointers, seek functions and detecting end of file. The document is a chapter from a book that provides an overview of file I/O in C++.

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This document discusses exception handling in C++. It begins with an introduction explaining that exception handling allows a program to automatically invoke error handling routines when runtime errors occur. It then covers key aspects of exception handling including the try, catch, and throw statements. Finally, it provides code examples demonstrating how to throw, catch, and handle exceptions in C++.

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This document discusses console I/O operations in C++. It covers C++ stream classes that implement input and output operations, unformatted I/O using operators and functions, and formatted I/O using stream manipulators and member functions. The key stream classes are istream for input and ostream for output. Unformatted I/O uses operators like >> and << while formatted I/O uses width(), precision(), and fill() functions as well as custom manipulators.

basics of c++gourav kottawar

The document provides an introduction to the basics of C++, including a brief history of C and C++, comparing C and C++, and providing a simple C++ "Hello World" program example. C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 as an enhancement to the C language by adding object-oriented programming capabilities while still maintaining efficiency and flexibility. The document outlines some key differences between C and C++, such as C++ supporting object-oriented programming, classes, and templates while maintaining similar performance to C.

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This document provides an overview of the SQL language. It explains that SQL allows users to access and manipulate databases. The core functionality of SQL includes executing queries, retrieving data, inserting/updating/deleting records, and creating/modifying database structures. It also describes common SQL statements like SELECT, WHERE, DISTINCT, BETWEEN, aggregate functions, and string functions.

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Relational algebra is the formal description of how a relational database operates and the underlying mathematics of SQL operations. There are two groups of relational algebra operators: set operations like union, intersection, and difference; and special database operations like select, project, and join. The project operation selects a subset of attributes from a relation, while select retrieves tuples that satisfy a given condition. These operations can be combined, such as to select employee numbers for employees in a particular department.

overview of database conceptgourav kottawar

This document provides an overview of key database concepts including: - The components of a database including fields, records, files and how they relate to tables and rows in a DBMS. - Entity-Relationship modeling and the three basic relationship types. - The normalization process which determines required tables and columns to reduce redundancy. - How tables can be linked through primary and foreign keys. - Structured Query Language (SQL) which is used to interact with database tables.

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operator overloading & type conversion in cppgourav kottawar

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