BusTopology
 The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected through a
single cable known as a backbone cable.
 Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or directly connected
to the backbone cable.
 When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message over the
network. All the stations available in the network will receive the message whether it has
been addressed or not.
 The bus topology is mainly used in Ethernet networks.
 The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other topologies.
 The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the message is
broadcast to all the stations.

BusTopology
Advantages of Bus topology:
 Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly connected to the cable
without passing through a hub. Therefore, the initial cost of installation is
low.
 Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in bus-
based networks that support upto 10 Mbps.
 Familiar technology: Bus topology is a familiar technology as the installation
and troubleshooting techniques are well known, and hardware components
are easily available.
 Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have any effect on other
nodes.

BusTopology
Disadvantages of Bus topology:
 Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simpler, but still it requires a lot of cabling.
 Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to determine the cable
faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt the communication for all the
nodes.
 Signal interference: If two nodes send the messages simultaneously, then the signals of
both the nodes collide with each other.
 Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow down the
network.
 Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal leads to communication issues. Repeaters are
used to regenerate the signal.

RingTopology
 Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
 The node that receives the message from the previous computer will
retransmit to the next node.
 The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
 The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless
loop.
 It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node
and having no termination point.
 The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.

RingTopology
Advantages of Ring topology:
 Network Management: Faulty devices can be removed from the
network without bringing the network down.
 Product availability: Many hardware and software tools for network
operation and monitoring are available.
 Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily available.
Therefore, the installation cost is very low.
 Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the communication
system is not dependent on the single host computer.

RingTopology
Disadvantages of Ring topology:
 Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to
determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it
would disrupt the communication for all the nodes.
 Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the failure of the
overall network.
 Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would
slow down the network.
 Delay: Communication delay is directly proportional to the number of
nodes. Adding new devices increases the communication delay.

StarTopology
 Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node
is connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
 The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices
attached to the server are known as clients.
 Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
 Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical
star topology.
 Star topology is the most popular topology in network
implementation.

StarTopology
Advantages of Star topology:
 Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite efficient in a star topology as compared to bus
topology. In a bus topology, the manager has to inspect the kilometers of cable. In a star topology, all
the stations are connected to the centralized network. Therefore, the network administrator has to go
to the single station to troubleshoot the problem.
 Network control: Complex network control features can be easily implemented in the star topology.
Any changes made in the star topology are automatically accommodated.
 Limited failure: As each station is connected to the central hub with its own cable, therefore failure in
one cable will not affect the entire network.
 Familiar technology: Star topology is a familiar technology as its tools are cost-effective.
 Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new stations can be added to the open ports on the hub.
 Cost effective: Star topology networks are cost-effective as it uses inexpensive coaxial cable.
 High data speeds: It supports a bandwidth of approximately 100Mbps.

StarTopology
Disadvantages of Star topology:
 A Central point of failure: If the central hub or switch goes
down, then all the connected nodes will not be able to
communicate with each other.
 Cable: Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult when a
significant amount of routing is required.

TreeTopology
 Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and
star topology.
 A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers
are connected with each other in hierarchical fashion.
 The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node,
and all other nodes are the descendants of the root node.
 There is only one path exists between two nodes for the data
transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy.

TreeTopology
Advantages of Tree topology:
 Support for broadband transmission: Tree topology is mainly used to provide broadband
transmission, i.e., signals are sent over long distances without being attenuated.
 Easily expandable: We can add the new device to the existing network. Therefore, we can
say that tree topology is easily expandable.
 Easily manageable: In tree topology, the whole network is divided into segments known
as star networks which can be easily managed and maintained.
 Error detection: Error detection and error correction are very easy in a tree topology.
 Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does not affect the entire network.
 Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

TreeTopology
Disadvantages of Tree topology:
 Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the node, then it
becomes difficult to troubleshoot the problem.
 High cost: Devices required for broadband transmission are very
costly.
 Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on main bus cable and failure in
main bus cable will damage the overall network.
 Reconfiguration difficult: If new devices are added, then it becomes
difficult to reconfigure.

MeshTopology
 Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which computers are interconnected with each
other through various redundant connections.
 There are multiple paths from one computer to another computer.
 It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as a central point of
communication.
 The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
 Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations where communication failures are a critical
concern.
 Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
 Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula:
Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2
 Where n is the number of nodes that represents the network.

Types of MeshTopology
 Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology, each computer is connected to all the
computers available in the network.
 Partial Mesh Topology: In a partial mesh topology, not all but certain computers are
connected to those computers with which they communicate frequently.

MeshTopology
Advantages of Mesh topology:
 Reliable: The mesh topology networks are very reliable as if any link breakdown will
not affect the communication between connected computers.
 Fast Communication: Communication is very fast between the nodes.
 Easier Reconfiguration: Adding new devices would not disrupt the communication
between other devices.

MeshTopology
Disadvantages of Mesh topology:
 Cost: A mesh topology contains a large number of connected devices
such as a router and more transmission media than other topologies.
 Management: Mesh topology networks are very large and very
difficult to maintain and manage. If the network is not monitored
carefully, then the communication link failure goes undetected.
 Efficiency: In this topology, redundant connections are high that
reduces the efficiency of the network.

HybridTopology
 The combination of various different topologies is known as Hybrid
topology.
 A Hybrid topology is a connection between different links and nodes
to transfer the data.
 When two or more different topologies are combined together is
termed as Hybrid topology and if similar topologies are connected
with each other will not result in Hybrid topology.
 For example: if there exist a ring topology in one branch of Eastern
bank and bus topology in another branch of Eastern bank, connecting
these two topologies will result in Hybrid topology.

HybridTopology
Advantages of Hybrid Topology:
 Reliable: If a fault occurs in any part of the network will not affect the functioning of
the rest of the network.
 Scalable: Size of the network can be easily expanded by adding new devices without
affecting the functionality of the existing network.
 Flexible: This topology is very flexible as it can be designed according to the
requirements of the organization.
 Effective: Hybrid topology is very effective as it can be designed in such a way that
the strength of the network is maximized, and weakness of the network is minimized.

HybridTopology
Disadvantages of Hybrid topology:
 Complex design: The major drawback of the Hybrid topology is
the design of the Hybrid network. It is very difficult to design
the architecture of the Hybrid network.
 Costly Hub: The Hubs used in the Hybrid topology are very
expensive as these hubs are different from usual Hubs used in
other topologies.
 Costly infrastructure: The infrastructure cost is very high as a
hybrid network requires a lot of cabling, network devices, etc.

Network Topologies in computer networking

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