1) Qooxdoo is a JavaScript framework that provides object-oriented programming features to JavaScript. It turns JavaScript into a "grown up OO language" and allows developers to write browser-based applications without needing HTML or CSS knowledge. 2) The document discusses how to get started with a basic "Hello World" Qooxdoo application by installing Python, unpacking Qooxdoo, and generating and running the application files. 3) Key aspects of programming with Qooxdoo include leveraging JavaScript features like anonymous functions, closures, and proper understanding of scoping, as the framework relies heavily on these elements.