java programming basics - part ii

Oct 15, 2013Download as pptx, pdf1 like983 views

The document discusses the different primitive and reference data types in Java, including their sizes, value ranges, and default values. It explains that variables are reserved memory locations used to store values and that reference variables are used to access objects of a specific class. The key Java primitive data types are byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, and char, each with their own characteristics for storing integer, floating point, boolean, or character values.

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values
A Variable has –
Memory Address
Name

a
10
10110

Value

int a=10;

There are two data types available in Java:
•Primitive Data Types
•Reference/Non Primitive/ Derived Data Types

There are eight primitive data types supported by Java.
Primitive data types are predefined by the language and named
by a keyword

Byte data type is an 8-bit signed integer
Minimum value is -128 (-2^7)
Maximum value is 127 (inclusive)(2^7 -1)
Default value is 0
Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays, mainly in place of
integers, since a byte is four times smaller than an int
Example: byte a = 100 , byte b = -50

Short data type is a 16-bit signed integer
Minimum value is -32,768 (-2^15)
Maximum value is 32,767 (inclusive) (2^15 -1)
Short data type can also be used to save memory as byte data type
A short is 2 times smaller than an int

Default value is 0
Example: short s = 10000, short r = -20000

Int data type is a 32-bit signed integer
Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648.(-2^31)

Maximum value is 2,147,483,647(inclusive).(2^31 -1)
Int is generally used as the default data type for integral values
unless there is a concern about memory

The default value is 0
Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000

Long data type is a 64-bit signed integer
Minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808.(-2^63)

Maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive) (2^63 -1)
This type is used when a wider range than int is needed

Default value is 0L.
Example: long a = 100000L, int b = -200000L

Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point

Float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays of floating point
numbers
Default value is 0.0f

Float data type is never used for precise values such as currency
Example: float f1 = 234.5f

double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point
This data type is generally used as the default data type for decimal
values, generally the default choice
Double data type should never be used for precise values such as
currency
Default value is 0.0d
Example: double d1 = 123.4

boolean data type represents one bit of information
There are only two possible values: true and false

This data type is used for simple flags that track true/false
conditions
Default value is false
Example: boolean one = true

char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character
Minimum value is 'u0000' (or 0)
Maximum value is 'uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive)
Char data type is used to store any character
Example: char letterA ='A'

Reference variables are created using defined constructors of the
classes
They are used to access objects. These variables are declared to be of a
specific type that cannot be changed. For example, Employee, Puppy
etc.
Class objects, and various type of array variables come under reference
data type
Default value of any reference variable is null
A reference variable can be used to refer to any object of the declared
type or any compatible type
Example: Animal animal = new Animal("giraffe");

In Java, all variables must be declared before they can be used. The basic form
of a variable declaration is shown here:

type identifier [ = value][, identifier [= value] ...] ;
The type is one of Java's datatypes. The identifier is the name of the variable. To
declare more than one variable of the specified type, use a comma-separated list.

Here are several examples of variable declarations of various types. Note that
some include an initialization
int a, b, c;

// declares three ints, a, b, and c

int d = 3, e, f = 5; // declares three more ints, initializing d and f
byte z = 22;

// initializes z

double pi = 3.14159; // declares an approximation of pi
char x = 'x';

// the variable x has the value 'x'

Program
Class-object

Method

Method

X

Y

A

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The document discusses cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and how they work to display images on monitors. It describes how CRTs use an electron gun to produce a scanning electron beam that hits a phosphorescent screen, causing spots of light. Different phosphors allow for different colors. The beam is swept across the screen in a raster pattern through deflection coils. Factors like resolution, aspect ratio, and refresh rate affect image quality. Color images are represented using the RGB color model with red, green, and blue intensity values.

CG01 introduction.ppsxjyoti_lakhani

The document discusses computer graphics and the process of generating images through different stages: object space defines the envisioned drawing, image space is the continuous space containing the drawn object, and scan conversion converts it to discrete pixels on a screen causing aliasing. It also describes computer graphics tools including hardware like monitors and software like graphics routines and standards used to produce pictures. Finally, it outlines applications of computer graphics in engineering, medical visualization, animation, and more.

Doubly linked listjyoti_lakhani

Double ended queuejyoti_lakhani

Tree terminology and introduction to binary treejyoti_lakhani

Trees are hierarchical data structures where data items have a parent-child relationship. There are several ways to represent trees in memory, including array and linked list representations. Array representation stores tree nodes sequentially in an array, where the index of each node can be used to determine its parent, left child, right child, and siblings according to specific formulas. For example, the parent of node at index n is located at (n-1)/2, the left child is at 2n+1, and the right child is at 2n+2. Array representation allows trees to be traversed and manipulated efficiently.

Priority queuejyoti_lakhani

Ds006 linked list- delete from frontjyoti_lakhani

This C++ program implements functions to perform operations on a singly linked list: 1. A create_node function allocates and returns a new node with the given value. 2. An insert_begin function inserts a new node at the beginning of the list, updating the start pointer. 3. A delete_begin function deletes the node at the beginning of the list, updating the start pointer and deallocating the node. 4. A display function traverses the list and prints out the values of each node.

Ds06 linked list- insert a node after a given nodejyoti_lakhani

The document discusses inserting a node into a linked list after a given node. It describes linked lists as a linear data structure that stores multiple values in nodes connected by pointers. The algorithm for inserting a node after a given node is presented: 1. Find the node before the given node by traversing the list and comparing node values 2. Set the next pointer of the new node to the node after the given node 3. Set the next pointer of the node before the given node to the new node This inserts the new node between the node before and after the given node in the linked list.

Ds06 linked list- insert a node at endjyoti_lakhani

This document discusses inserting a node into a linked list at the end. It explains that to insert a node at the end, you first check if the list is empty and if so make the new node the start. If the list is not empty, you iterate through the list with a pointer ptr until ptr->next is NULL, at which point you set ptr->next to the new node and new_node->next to NULL. Diagrams are included to visualize the process. The algorithm runs in O(n) time where n is the number of nodes in the list.

Ds06 linked list- insert a node at beginningjyoti_lakhani

The document discusses linked lists and operations on linked lists such as insertion and deletion of nodes. It specifically describes an algorithm to insert a node at the beginning of a linked list. The algorithm first checks if the list is empty, and if so makes the new node the start. If the list is not empty, it sets the next pointer of the new node to the current start node, and then makes the new node the new start.

Ds06 linked list- intro and create a nodejyoti_lakhani

A linked list is a linear data structure that stores multiple values in nodes that are connected by pointers. Each node contains a data field for its value and a pointer field linking to the next node. This allows flexible and efficient insertion and removal of nodes anywhere in the list. The document outlines the basic structure of a linked list and node, and provides pseudocode for creating a new node by allocating memory, inserting the data value, and initializing the next pointer to NULL.

Ds04 abstract data types (adt) jyoti lakhanijyoti_lakhani

An abstract data type (ADT) defines a pen as a collection of related data items including type, brand, color, and price along with operations such as write. An ADT describes what data and operations are involved without specifying how they are implemented, focusing on the essential properties and behaviors. A data structure then provides the physical implementation of an ADT, realizing how the data and operations are structured and processed.

Ds03 part i algorithms by jyoti lakhanijyoti_lakhani

The document defines an algorithm as a finite sequence of unambiguous instructions to solve a problem and produce an output from given inputs. It notes that algorithms have advantages like being easy to plan, implement, understand and debug. The key aspects of algorithms discussed are that they must be step-by-step, unambiguous and able to solve problems in a finite amount of time. The document also discusses analyzing and choosing between algorithms, as well as designing, proving, coding and analyzing algorithms.

Ds03 algorithms jyoti lakhanijyoti_lakhani

The document discusses algorithms, defining them as unambiguous step-by-step instructions to solve a problem within a finite time. It notes that algorithms can be represented in various ways like pseudo-code or flowcharts. The key aspects of algorithms covered include analyzing their time and space complexity, choosing appropriate data structures, proving their correctness, and coding them efficiently. The document emphasizes understanding the problem fully before designing an algorithm and choosing techniques like greedy or divide-and-conquer approaches.

Ds02 flow chart and pseudo codejyoti_lakhani

Ds01 data structure introduction - by jyoti lakhanijyoti_lakhani

The document discusses data structures and algorithms. It explains that data structures organize data in a way that makes it easy to access, manipulate, and update. Using the correct data structure for a problem makes the problem more manageable and finding a solution easier. Algorithms provide step-by-step instructions to solve problems and are implemented using data structures. They allow complex problems to be broken down into smaller, modular problems.

CG02 Computer Graphic Systems.ppsxjyoti_lakhani

Projections.pptxjyoti_lakhani

CG04 Color Models.ppsxjyoti_lakhani

CG03 Random Raster Scan displays and Color CRTs.ppsxjyoti_lakhani

CG02 Computer Graphic Systems.pptxjyoti_lakhani

CG01 introduction.ppsxjyoti_lakhani

Doubly linked listjyoti_lakhani

Double ended queuejyoti_lakhani

Tree terminology and introduction to binary treejyoti_lakhani

Priority queuejyoti_lakhani

Ds006 linked list- delete from frontjyoti_lakhani

Ds06 linked list- insert a node after a given nodejyoti_lakhani

Ds06 linked list- insert a node at endjyoti_lakhani

Ds06 linked list- insert a node at beginningjyoti_lakhani

Ds06 linked list- intro and create a nodejyoti_lakhani

Ds04 abstract data types (adt) jyoti lakhanijyoti_lakhani

Ds03 part i algorithms by jyoti lakhanijyoti_lakhani

Ds03 algorithms jyoti lakhanijyoti_lakhani

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java programming basics - part ii

4. Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values A Variable has – Memory Address Name a 10 10110 Value int a=10;

5. There are two data types available in Java: •Primitive Data Types •Reference/Non Primitive/ Derived Data Types

7. There are eight primitive data types supported by Java. Primitive data types are predefined by the language and named by a keyword

8. Byte data type is an 8-bit signed integer Minimum value is -128 (-2^7) Maximum value is 127 (inclusive)(2^7 -1) Default value is 0 Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays, mainly in place of integers, since a byte is four times smaller than an int Example: byte a = 100 , byte b = -50

9. Short data type is a 16-bit signed integer Minimum value is -32,768 (-2^15) Maximum value is 32,767 (inclusive) (2^15 -1) Short data type can also be used to save memory as byte data type A short is 2 times smaller than an int Default value is 0 Example: short s = 10000, short r = -20000

10. Int data type is a 32-bit signed integer Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648.(-2^31) Maximum value is 2,147,483,647(inclusive).(2^31 -1) Int is generally used as the default data type for integral values unless there is a concern about memory The default value is 0 Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000

11. Long data type is a 64-bit signed integer Minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808.(-2^63) Maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive) (2^63 -1) This type is used when a wider range than int is needed Default value is 0L. Example: long a = 100000L, int b = -200000L

12. Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point Float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers Default value is 0.0f Float data type is never used for precise values such as currency Example: float f1 = 234.5f

13. double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point This data type is generally used as the default data type for decimal values, generally the default choice Double data type should never be used for precise values such as currency Default value is 0.0d Example: double d1 = 123.4

14. boolean data type represents one bit of information There are only two possible values: true and false This data type is used for simple flags that track true/false conditions Default value is false Example: boolean one = true

15. char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character Minimum value is 'u0000' (or 0) Maximum value is 'uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive) Char data type is used to store any character Example: char letterA ='A'

16. Reference variables are created using defined constructors of the classes They are used to access objects. These variables are declared to be of a specific type that cannot be changed. For example, Employee, Puppy etc. Class objects, and various type of array variables come under reference data type Default value of any reference variable is null A reference variable can be used to refer to any object of the declared type or any compatible type Example: Animal animal = new Animal("giraffe");

18. In Java, all variables must be declared before they can be used. The basic form of a variable declaration is shown here: type identifier [ = value][, identifier [= value] ...] ; The type is one of Java's datatypes. The identifier is the name of the variable. To declare more than one variable of the specified type, use a comma-separated list. Here are several examples of variable declarations of various types. Note that some include an initialization int a, b, c; // declares three ints, a, b, and c int d = 3, e, f = 5; // declares three more ints, initializing d and f byte z = 22; // initializes z double pi = 3.14159; // declares an approximation of pi char x = 'x'; // the variable x has the value 'x'

21. Program Class-object Method Method X Y A

25. Program Class-object A Method X Y

27. ClassName.VariableName

28. Program Class-object A Method X Y

java programming basics - part ii

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