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Introduction to TCP / IP in networking Technology
- 1. Introduction to TCP/IP networking Source: Ganesh Sittampalam
- 2. TCP/IP protocol family • IP : Internet Protocol – UDP : User Datagram Protocol • RTP, traceroute – TCP : Transmission Control Protocol • HTTP, FTP, ssh
- 3. What is an internet? • A set of interconnected networks • The Internet is the most famous example • Networks can be completely different – Ethernet, ATM, modem, … – (TCP/)IP is what links them
- 4. What is an internet? (cont) • Routers are devices on multiple networks that pass traffic between them • Individual networks pass traffic from one router or endpoint to another • TCP/IP hides the details as much as possible
- 5. ISO/OSI Network Model • Seven network “layers” – Layer 1 : Physical – cables – Layer 2 : Data Link – ethernet – Layer 3 : Network – IP – Layer 4 : Transport – TCP/UDP – Layer 5 : Session – Layer 6 : Presentation – Layer 7 : Application You don’t need to know the layers just the idea that it is layered
- 6. TCP/IP Network Model • Different view – 4 layers – Layer 1 : Link – Layer 2 : Network – Layer 3 : Transport – Layer 4 : Application
- 7. OSI and Protocol Stack OSI: Open Systems Interconnect OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols 7th Application Layer 6th Presentation Layer 5th Session Layer 4th Transport Layer 3rd Network Layer 2nd Link Layer 1st Physical Layer Application Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Link Layer Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application
- 8. Packet Encapsulation The data is sent down the protocol stack Each layer adds to the data by prepending headers 22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 4Bytes 64 to 1500 Bytes
- 9. IP • Responsible for end to end transmission • Sends data in individual packets • Maximum size of packet is determined by the networks – Fragmented if too large • Unreliable – Packets might be lost, corrupted, duplicated, delivered out of order
- 10. IP addresses • 4 bytes – e.g. 163.1.125.98 – Each device normally gets one (or more) – In theory there are about 4 billion available • But…
- 11. Routing • How does a device know where to send a packet? – All devices need to know what IP addresses are on directly attached networks – If the destination is on a local network, send it directly there
- 12. Routing (cont) • If the destination address isn’t local – Most non-router devices just send everything to a single local router – Routers need to know which network corresponds to each possible IP address
- 13. Allocation of addresses • Controlled centrally by ICANN – Fairly strict rules on further delegation to avoid wastage • Have to demonstrate actual need for them • Organizations that got in early have bigger allocations than they really need
- 14. IP packets • Source and destination addresses • Protocol number – 1 = ICMP, 6 = TCP, 17 = UDP • Various options – e.g. to control fragmentation • Time to live (TTL) – Prevent routing loops
- 15. IP Datagram Vers Len TOS Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset TTL Protocol Header Checksum Source Internet Address Destination Internet Address Options... Padding Data... 0 4 8 16 19 24 31 Field Purpose Vers IP version number Len Length of IP header (4 octet units) TOS Type of Service T. Length Length of entire datagram (octets) Ident. IP datagram ID (for frag/reassembly) Flags Don’t/More fragments Frag Off Fragment Offset Field Purpose TTL Time To Live - Max # of hops Protocol Higher level protocol (1=ICMP, 6=TCP, 17=UDP) Checksum Checksum for the IP header Source IA Originator’s Internet Address Dest. IA Final Destination Internet Address Options Source route, time stamp, etc. Data... Higher level protocol data You just need to know the IP addresses, TTL and protocol #
- 16. IP Routing • Routing Table Destination IP address IP address of a next-hop router Flags Network interface specification Application Transport Network Link Application Transport Network Link Network Link Source Destination Router
- 17. UDP • Thin layer on top of IP • Adds packet length + checksum – Guard against corrupted packets • Also source and destination ports – Ports are used to associate a packet with a specific application at each end • Still unreliable: – Duplication, loss, out-of-orderness possible
- 18. UDP datagram Destination Port Source Port Application data 0 16 31 Checksum Length Field Purpose Source Port 16-bit port number identifying originating application Destination Port 16-bit port number identifying destination application Length Length of UDP datagram (UDP header + data) Checksum Checksum of IP pseudo header, UDP header, and data
- 19. Typical applications of UDP – Where packet loss etc is better handled by the application than the network stack – Where the overhead of setting up a connection isn’t wanted • VOIP • NFS – Network File System • Most games
- 20. TCP • Reliable, full-duplex, connection- oriented, stream delivery – Interface presented to the application doesn’t require data in individual packets – Data is guaranteed to arrive, and in the correct order without duplications • Or the connection will be dropped – Imposes significant overheads
- 21. Applications of TCP • Most things! – HTTP, FTP, … • Saves the application a lot of work, so used unless there’s a good reason not to
- 22. TCP implementation • Connections are established using a three-way handshake • Data is divided up into packets by the operating system • Packets are numbered, and received packets are acknowledged • Connections are explicitly closed – (or may abnormally terminate)
- 23. TCP Packets • Source + destination ports • Sequence number • Acknowledgement number • Checksum • Various options
- 24. TCP Segment Destination Port Acknowledgment Number Options... Padding Data... 0 4 10 16 19 24 31 Source Port Window Len Sequence Number Reserved Flags Urgent Pointer Checksum Field Purpose Source Port Identifies originating application Destination Port Identifies destination application Sequence Number Sequence number of first octet in the segment Acknowledgment # Sequence number of the next expected octet (if ACK flag set) Len Length of TCP header in 4 octet units Flags TCP flags: SYN, FIN, RST, PSH, ACK, URG Window Number of octets from ACK that sender will accept Checksum Checksum of IP pseudo-header + TCP header + data Urgent Pointer Pointer to end of “urgent data” Options Special TCP options such as MSS and Window Scale You just need to know port numbers, seq and ack are added
- 25. TCP : Data transfer Host Client Send Packet 1 Start Timer Retransmit Packet1 Start Timer Packet should arrive ACK should be sent ACK would normally Arrive at this time Receive Packet 1 Send AXK 1 Time Expires Receive ACK 1 Cancel Timer Packet Lost Timer Timer
- 26. IPv6 • 128 bit addresses – Make it feasible to be very wasteful with address allocations • Lots of other new features – Built-in autoconfiguration, security options, … • Not really in production use yet
- 27. Ethernet • Computer <-> Computer communication on same network • Each device has unique MAC address (48-bit) example: 00-C0-4F-48-47-93 Ethernet Packet: Dest. address Data CRC Source address Type MAC: Media Access Control 6bytes 6bytes 2bytes Preamble 8bytes 64 - 1500bytes 4bytes Do not worry about this slide
- 28. ARP : Address Resolution Protocol • ARP provides mapping 32bit IP address <-> 48bit MAC address 128.97.89.153 <-> 00-C0-4F-48-47-93 • ARP cache maintains the recent mappings from IP addresses to MAC addresses Protocol 1. ARP request broadcast on Ethernet 2. Destination host ARP layer responds Do not worry about this slide
- 29. DHCP • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – Used to tell a computer what IP address to use – Device broadcasts a request from IP 0.0.0.0 • If it had an IP address before, asks for the same one again – Server (or relay) on local network responds telling it which to use (or ignores it, or tells it go away) • “Lease time” telling it how long that IP will be valid for • Device requests renewal of lease after ¾(?) elapsed Do not worry about this slide