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DATABASES
A database is a collection of related data items, which are
linked and structured so that the data can be accessed in
a number of ways.
WHO USES DATABASES?
DatabasesPolice
forces
Businesses
schools
Hospitals
FLAT-FILE SYSTEMS
A flat-file system refers to a database where
all the data is held in a single table or file.
PROBLEMS WITH A FLAT FILE
 It creates data redundancy
 Data integrity problems
 Data consistency problems
 Data can not be shared.
RELATIONAL DATABASES
Relational databases were first developed in the
1970s by Edgar Codd as a way, initially, of providing
a more flexible systems for responding to
spontaneous requests for management information.
Customer ID
Name
Address
Post code
E-mail
Job ID
Customer ID
Start date
Completion date
Estimate
Customer file Job file
ADVANTAGES OF A RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEM
 Data integrity- there is no need to change data in
more than one table. If a customer’s details require
updating this only needs to happen once.
 Data redundancy- No piece of data will be repeated.
 Data consistency- there is no risk of the same
attribute being stored in a different format in a different
file.
 Flexibility- a relational database can be queried with
greater flexibility than a flat file.
 Greater efficiency- data only has to be inputted once
and this saves on time and human resources.
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Introduction to databases

  • 1. DATABASES A database is a collection of related data items, which are linked and structured so that the data can be accessed in a number of ways. WHO USES DATABASES? DatabasesPolice forces Businesses schools Hospitals
  • 2. FLAT-FILE SYSTEMS A flat-file system refers to a database where all the data is held in a single table or file. PROBLEMS WITH A FLAT FILE  It creates data redundancy  Data integrity problems  Data consistency problems  Data can not be shared.
  • 3. RELATIONAL DATABASES Relational databases were first developed in the 1970s by Edgar Codd as a way, initially, of providing a more flexible systems for responding to spontaneous requests for management information. Customer ID Name Address Post code E-mail Job ID Customer ID Start date Completion date Estimate Customer file Job file
  • 4. ADVANTAGES OF A RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEM  Data integrity- there is no need to change data in more than one table. If a customer’s details require updating this only needs to happen once.  Data redundancy- No piece of data will be repeated.  Data consistency- there is no risk of the same attribute being stored in a different format in a different file.  Flexibility- a relational database can be queried with greater flexibility than a flat file.  Greater efficiency- data only has to be inputted once and this saves on time and human resources.
  翻译: