How to calculate otn frame bit rates
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This document discusses how to calculate frame bit rates for Optical Transport Network (OTN). It provides a master formula to calculate bit rates for different O(P/D/T)Us by using a multiplicative factor M and the granularity X of STM-16. As an example, it calculates the OTN frame size, bit rate, frame rate, and frame frequency for different ODUk, OTUk, and OPUk rates by applying the provided formulas and values.
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The optical time domain reflectometerMapYourTech An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) injects optical pulses into fiber optic cables and measures the light that is scattered or reflected back to characterize the cable. It can measure the distance, loss, and other properties of fusion splices, connectors, bends, and other components in the cable. An OTDR is used to test the integrity of fiber optic cables and diagnose problems.
Why no auto negotiation for fiber optic media?
Why no auto negotiation for fiber optic media?MapYourTech Attempts to develop auto-negotiation signaling for 10BASE-FL and 100BASE-FX fiber optic media failed because the media systems use different wavelengths and timing. This is why there is no IEEE standard for auto-negotiation on most fiber optic links, including 10 Gigabit Ethernet. While auto-negotiation was achieved for 1000BASE-X Gigabit Ethernet using identical encoding, the lack of auto-negotiation on fiber optic segments is not a major problem due to their use as backbone links where installers know the configuration.
Why it is good to have orl 30d b for general fiber links?
Why it is good to have orl 30d b for general fiber links?MapYourTech ORL measures the ratio of power launched into an optical fiber to the power reflected back from scattering and connections. An ORL over 30dB is recommended for general fiber links because it corresponds to a low level of reflected power. Rayleigh scattering and Fresnel reflections at splices contribute to optical reflections measured as ORL. The ITU recommends a minimum ORL of 24dB for fiber links up to 40Gbps to ensure sufficient signal quality.
What is q factor ?
What is q factor ?MapYourTech The Q-factor is a measure of signal quality that indicates the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required to achieve a given bit error rate for a signal. It is defined as the ratio between the distance from the decision point to the edges of the eye pattern and the root mean square noise on the edges. A higher Q-factor means less noise and better signal quality. For telecommunications systems, a Q-factor of 6 typically corresponds to a bit error rate of 10-9. The Q-factor is proportional to but slightly lower than the optical signal-to-noise ratio, with the difference typically being 1-2 decibels.
Rs(n,k)exploring n and k in reed solomon fec code
Rs(n,k)exploring n and k in reed solomon fec codeMapYourTech The document discusses Reed-Solomon FEC coding. It explains that Reed-Solomon RS(n,k) encoding takes k data bytes and calculates n-k parity bytes to create an n-byte codeword. A Reed-Solomon decoder can correct up to t byte errors, where t=(n-k)/2. ITU G.975 and G.709 recommend Reed-Solomon RS(255,239) coding, which can correct up to 8 byte errors and provides a coding gain of around 6dB with a 7% overhead. The document also provides examples of calculating RS(n,k) parameters for an OTN frame.
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How to calculate otn frame bit rates
- 1. How to calculate OTN Frame bit rates ? We know that in SDH i.e. 125us.frame rate is fixed But in case of OTN, it is variable rather .frame size is fixed So, frame rate calculation for OTN could be done by following method:- Frame Rate (us) =ODUk frame size(bits) ODUk bit rate(bits/s)...........................................(1)/ Also, we know that STM16=OPU1==16*9*270*8*8000=2488320000 bits/s Now assume that multiplicative factor for rate calculation of various rates(M )k Mk= OPUk=(238/239-k) ODUk=239/(239-k) OTUk=255/(239-k) Now, Master Formula to calculate bit rate for different O(P/D/T)U will bek Bit Rate for O(P/D/T)Uk b/s =M *X*STM16=M *X*2488320000 b/sk k ...........(2) Where X=granularity in order of STM16 for OTN bit rates(x=1,4,40,160) Putting values of equation(2) in equation(1) we will get OTN frame rates. Eg:- OTN RATE OTN Bit Rate(bps) OTN frame size(bits) OTN frame rate (us) OTN frame frequency(KHz) ODUk frame size= =4*3824*8 ODU0 1244160000 122368 98.35390947 10.16736402 ODU1 2498775126 122368 48.97119342 20.42016807 ODU2 9995100504 122368 12.24279835 81.68067227 ODU3 39980402017 122368 3.060699588 326.7226891 ODU4 99951005042 122368 1.224279835 816.8067227 ODU5 399804020168 122368 0.306069959 3267.226891 OTUk frame size=4*4080*8 OTU1 2666057143 130560 48.97119342 20.42016807 OTU2 10664228571 130560 12.24279835 81.68067227 OTU3 42656914286 130560 3.060699588 326.7226891 OTU4 106642285714 130560 1.224279835 816.8067227 OTU5 426569142857 130560 0.306069959 3267.226891 OPUk frame size=4*3808*8 OPU0 1238954310 121856 98.35390947 10.16736402 OPU1 2488320000 121856 48.97119342 20.42016807 OPU2 9995276962 121856 12.19135802 82.02531646 OPU3 100376298305 121856 1.21399177 823.7288136 OPU4 403213725957 121856 0.302211934 3308.93617 www.mapyourtech.com