Dijkstra algorithm
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Dijkstra's algorithm finds the shortest path between two nodes in a graph. It works by tracking the cost of the shortest path from the starting node to all other visited nodes. At each step, it visits the unvisited node with the lowest cost and updates the costs of paths through that node. The algorithm terminates when it has visited the destination node and returns the final cost of the path from start to finish. The example applies Dijkstra's algorithm to a weighted graph to find the lowest cost path from node a to z, determining the cost is 7 units.
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Introduction to javarishi ram khanal This document provides an introduction to Java. It discusses the history of Java, noting it was developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems in 1991. It states that Java resides on many platforms like mobile devices, desktops, servers, embedded devices, and the cloud. The key principle of Java is "write once, run anywhere." It also discusses Java libraries, versions of Java, features of Java like being object-oriented and portable, and how to install and set up Java. It provides an example of a simple "Hello World" Java program. It also covers Java data types, variables, typecasting, arrays, comments, and the Scanner class.
Introduction to artificial intelligence
Introduction to artificial intelligencerishi ram khanal The document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence including definitions of intelligence and AI. It discusses approaches to AI such as the Turing test and cognitive modeling. It also covers search algorithms like breadth-first search, depth-first search, uniform cost search, iterative deepening, informed searches using heuristics like A* search, and hill climbing search. Potential issues with methods like hill climbing getting stuck in local maxima are also addressed.
Interview method in research
Interview method in researchrishi ram khanal The document discusses different types of interviews used for research purposes. It describes personal interviews, telephone interviews, focus group interviews, depth interviews, structured interviews, and unstructured interviews. For personal interviews, it outlines the five stages of conducting them: rapport building, introduction, probing, recording responses, and closing the interview. Telephone interviews collect information by phone. Focus groups involve a moderator leading a discussion among a small group. Depth interviews are nondirective and give respondents freedom to discuss a topic. Structured interviews use a predetermined set of questions while unstructured interviews have no fixed format.
Presentation on kurtosis statistics
Presentation on kurtosis statisticsrishi ram khanal Kurtosis is a statistical measure used to describe the distribution or skewness of data around the mean. There are three main types of kurtosis: mesokurtic, leptokurtic, and platykurtic. Mesokurtic data resembles a normal bell curve but with slightly fatter tails and a lower peak. Leptokurtic distributions have extremely thick tails and a very thin, tall peak. Platykurtic distributions have slender tails and a smaller, broader peak than mesokurtic distributions.
Importance of double entry accounting system for public limited company (basi...
Importance of double entry accounting system for public limited company (basi...rishi ram khanal The document discusses the importance of double entry accounting systems for public limited companies. It introduces double entry accounting as a scientific, systematic method for recording every financial transaction with equal and offsetting debit and credit accounts. This allows companies to understand their financial position and operating results through financial statements. The advantages of double entry accounting for public limited companies include maintaining complete transaction records, providing reliable information, detecting errors and fraud, and presenting accurate financial positions. However, it can also be subject to errors if not implemented correctly.
Implementation issues software engineering
Implementation issues software engineeringrishi ram khanal This document discusses various implementation issues in software development, including reuse, configuration management, and host-target development. It notes that modern software is often constructed through reuse and that configuration management is needed to track different software versions. Development usually occurs on a host system while execution is on a target system, which can have different architectures and platforms. The document provides details on different levels of reuse, configuration management activities, tools that aid development, and challenges that can arise with reuse and managing development across host-target systems.
Effect of migration in developing country
Effect of migration in developing countryrishi ram khanal The document discusses the types and effects of internal and external migration in Nepalese society. It describes internal migration as movement within Nepal, including seasonal migration by farmers and planned migration programs. External migration refers to movement outside of Nepal, often for jobs, education or opportunity. The effects of migration include economic benefits from reduced unemployment and remittances, but also social costs like family separation and loss of young workers. More research is needed to fully understand the impacts of migration on Nepali households and society.
GUI (graphical user interface)
GUI (graphical user interface)rishi ram khanal Graphical user interface (GUI) allows users to interact with applications visually rather than through text commands. There are two main Java APIs for GUI programming: AWT and Swing. AWT consists of core graphics classes like containers (frames, panels), components (buttons, text fields), and layout managers. It also supports event handling through classes like ActionEvent and interfaces like ActionListener. Applets are Java programs that run in web browsers - they are embedded in HTML pages and their code is downloaded to the user's machine. Applets have a lifecycle of methods like init(), start(), stop() that are called at different times.
Goals of firm business finance
Goals of firm business financerishi ram khanal This document discusses the goals of a firm, primarily focusing on profit maximization and wealth maximization. It states that while profit maximization has traditionally been the main goal of businesses, it has weaknesses like not considering risk, time value of money, or social responsibilities. Wealth maximization is presented as a superior goal that focuses on increasing shareholder wealth over time by maximizing the net present value of the firm through considering factors like risk, quality of cash flows, and macroeconomic perspectives. The document provides details on the concepts of profit maximization, weaknesses of profit maximization, and shareholders' wealth maximization.
General register organization (computer organization)
General register organization (computer organization)rishi ram khanal This document discusses the organization of a CPU and its registers. It includes tables that encode the register selection fields and ALU operations. It also provides examples of micro-operations for the CPU, showing the register selections, ALU operations, and control words. Key registers discussed include the accumulator, instruction register, address register, and program counter.
GDP and trends economics .rishi
GDP and trends economics .rishirishi ram khanal This document discusses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the expenditure method for calculating GDP. It defines GDP as the monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. The document then explains that GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach, which sums four categories of expenditures: consumer spending, private investment, government spending, and net exports. It provides an example calculation and concludes by noting Nepal's recent economic growth rates and some challenges facing its economy.
Final internship-report on the networking department of the internet service ...
Final internship-report on the networking department of the internet service ...rishi ram khanal This document contains an internship report submitted by Rishi Ram Khanal to Tribhuvan University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Information Management degree. The report details an internship completed at Classic Tech Pvt. Ltd, where activities included troubleshooting network devices, handling support tickets, working on web applications, and installing network infrastructure. The report includes declarations of original work, acknowledgements of those who provided assistance, an abstract summarizing the work completed, and sections on the IT industry, Classic Tech as an organization, and analysis of the specific activities undertaken during the internship.
Field study of crystal finance share broker
Field study of crystal finance share brokerrishi ram khanal Rishi Khanal presented on Crystal Kanchanjungha Securities Pvt. Ltd, a financial services company operating as a stock broker in Kathmandu, Nepal. The presentation covered the company's background, the top 7 sectors in the Nepali stock market including banking and hydropower, results of a survey of buyers' investment habits, and a conclusion that banking and hydropower dominate the market while many people are interested in trading shares for under 10,000 NPR.
Computer virus and worms
Computer virus and wormsrishi ram khanal The document discusses computer viruses and worms, defining them as small software programs that spread from computer to computer (viruses), and programs that replicate over networks by exploiting security vulnerabilities (worms). It describes how viruses can damage systems by corrupting or deleting files, or using email to spread, while worms primarily consume computer resources as they rapidly copy themselves. The document also outlines the dormant, propagation, triggering, and execution phases of how viruses and worms typically operate on infected systems.
Database management system
Database management systemrishi ram khanal This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It discusses that a DBMS is a collection of data and software programs used to store and retrieve large amounts of data. The key purposes of a DBMS are to organize data, store and transform data into information to support decision making. It also describes three levels of data abstraction (physical, logical, and view levels) and several common database models, including hierarchical, network, relational, object, and entity-relationship models.
Credential reuse cyber security
Credential reuse cyber securityrishi ram khanal The document discusses credential reuse, which is when attackers use previously breached credentials from data breaches to attempt logging into other accounts and services. It explains that credential reuse works because many users reuse passwords across multiple accounts. It describes how attackers obtain credentials cheaply from public sources and use automation tools to rapidly test credential combinations on different services. The best defenses are ensuring unique passwords for all accounts and services, regularly updating passwords, and using strong passwords. Credential reuse is a serious threat due to its effectiveness from widespread password reuse and the ease of automating attacks using available tools.
Cisco packet tracer router
Cisco packet tracer routerrishi ram khanal This document provides steps to connect multiple networks in Cisco Packet Tracer using a router:
1. Set up networks and configure IP addresses on end devices and switches.
2. Connect switches to the router using cables and configure the router interface for each network with matching IP addresses.
3. Set the default gateway on all end devices to the router IP so devices on different networks can communicate.
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- 1. Dijkstra’s Algorithm We consider a weighted connected simple graph G with vertices a = v0, v1, . . . , vn = z and weights w(vi, vj) > 0 where w(vi, vj) = ∞ if {vi, vj} is not an edge. Dijkstra’s algorithm finds the cost of the “cheapest” path between vertices a and z. procedure Dijkstra(G: weighted connected simple graph, with all weights positive) for i = 1 to n L(vi) := ∞ L(a) := 0 S := ∅ while z ∈ S begin u := a vertex not in S with L(u) minimal S := S ∪ {u} for all vertices v ∈ S if L(u) + w(u, v) < L(v) then L(v) := L(u) + w(u, v) end return(L(z)) Example: Use Dijkstra’s algorithm to find the cost of the cheapest path between a and z in the following weighted graph. Describe at each iteration the function L and set S. r. .................................................................................................................................................................................................... r . .................................................................................................................................................................................................... r. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ r . ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ r. .................................................................................................................................................................................................... r . ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................ . ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... . ........................................................................................................................................................................ a z c e b d 3 4 3 1 2 2 5 16 Solution: The iterations of Dijkstra’s algorithm are described in the following table. S L(a) L(b) L(c) L(d) L(e) L(z) ∅ 0 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ {a} 2 3 ∞ ∞ ∞ {a, b} 3 7 5 ∞ {a, b, c} 7 4 ∞ {a, b, c, e} 5 8 {a, b, c, e, d} 7 {a, b, c, e, d, z} At the last iteration, z ∈ S and L(z) = 7. We conclude that the cheapest path from a to z has a cost of 7. Gilles Cazelais. Typeset with LATEX on December 2, 2006.