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The document discusses HTML and CSS. It provides information on basic HTML tags and page structure. It also defines CSS and describes the different ways to insert CSS code into an HTML document, including internal, external, and inline stylesheets. The document further explains CSS syntax, selectors like id and class, and properties of the box model. It provides an example of CSS code to style a signup form.
Databases allow for the storage and organization of related data. A database contains tables that store data in rows and columns. A database management system (DBMS) helps define, construct, and manipulate the database. Relational databases follow a relational model and store data in related tables. Benefits of databases over file systems include reduced data redundancy, avoidance of data inconsistency, ability to share data among multiple users, and application of security restrictions. Transactions allow multiple database operations to be executed atomically as a single unit.
Java is a high-level programming language originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. It runs on a variety of platforms such as Windows, Mac OS, and various versions of UNIX. Key features of Java include being object-oriented, platform independent, robust, interpreted, and multi-threaded. When Java is compiled, it is compiled into platform independent byte code that is distributed and interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run on, providing platform independence. Common Java IDEs include Netbeans and Eclipse.
This document defines and explains different types of keys used in relational database management systems. It describes super keys as any set of attributes that uniquely identify a record, with primary keys being a single attribute that uniquely identifies each record. Candidate keys are minimal super keys, and alternate keys are candidate keys other than the primary key. Foreign keys link two tables by referencing the primary key of one table from another table.
The document discusses the relational data model and query languages. It provides the following key points:
1. The relational data model organizes data into tables with rows and columns, where rows represent records and columns represent attributes. Relations between data are represented through tables.
2. Relational integrity constraints include key constraints, domain constraints, and referential integrity constraints to ensure valid data.
3. Relational algebra and calculus provide theoretical foundations for query languages like SQL. Relational algebra uses operators like select, project, join on relations, while relational calculus specifies queries using logic.
Dbms architecture
Three level architecture is also called ANSI/SPARC architecture or three schema architecture
This framework is used for describing the structure of specific database systems (small systems may not support all aspects of the architecture)
In this architecture the database schemas can be defined at three levels explained in next slide
This document discusses different database models including hierarchical, network, entity-relationship, and relational models. The hierarchical model organizes data in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships. The network model extends the hierarchical model by allowing nodes to have more than one parent. The entity-relationship model divides data into entities and attributes and represents relationships visually. The relational model, introduced by E.F. Codd in 1970, organizes data into two-dimensional tables related through common fields and is the most widely used database model today.
The document discusses key concepts from Chapter 2 on database environments, including:
1) It describes the ANSI-SPARC three-level architecture for database systems, which separates data into external, conceptual, and internal levels.
2) It explains the roles of various users in a database environment like data administrators, database administrators, and end users.
3) It provides an overview of database languages, data models, and the functions of a database management system.
Codd's 12 rules are a set of rules proposed by Edgar Codd to define what is required for a database management system to be considered relational. The rules include that all data must be represented in tables and columns, all data must be logically addressable, null values must be supported systematically, the database structure must be accessible through queries, and the system must support set-based operations like inserts, updates and deletes. The rules also require physical and logical independence between the application, data and constraints.
The document discusses the components and advantages of a database management system (DBMS). It identifies the major components of a DBMS as software, hardware, data, procedures, and users. It then describes each component in detail. The document also discusses 14 key advantages of using a DBMS compared to traditional file-based systems, such as controlling data redundancy and inconsistency, enabling data sharing, integration and security, and providing capabilities like atomic transactions, querying, reporting and backup/recovery.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how databases evolved from file systems to address flaws in data management. It describes what a DBMS is and its functions in managing the database structure and controlling data access. The document also summarizes different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
The document discusses the drawbacks of using file systems to manage large amounts of shared data, such as data redundancy, inconsistency, isolation, and lack of security and crash recovery. It then introduces database management systems (DBMS) as an alternative that offers advantages like data independence, efficient access, integrity, security, concurrent access, administration, and reduced application development time. However, DBMS also have disadvantages including cost, size, complexity, and higher impact of failure.
A data model is a set of concepts that define the structure of data in a database. The three main types of data models are the hierarchical model, network model, and relational model. The hierarchical model uses a tree structure with parent-child relationships, while the network model allows many-to-many relationships but is more complex. The relational model - which underlies most modern databases - uses tables with rows and columns to represent data, and relationships are represented by values in columns.
The document discusses the entity relationship (ER) model used for conceptual database design. It describes the key components of an ER diagram including entities represented as rectangles, attributes described as ovals, and relationships shown as diamonds. Different types of relationships are also defined such as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. The ER model provides a way to design and visualize the entities, attributes, and relationships within a database in a simple diagram.
A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the creation, management, and use of databases. A DBMS provides users and administrators with various tools and applications to store, organize, and access data. It allows for data to be easily retrieved, filtered, sorted, and updated efficiently. Some key components of a DBMS include the database users, the data itself, software and procedures, hardware, and database access languages. DBMSs are widely used in applications such as banking, universities, e-commerce, and more.
This document defines database and DBMS, describes their advantages over file-based systems like data independence and integrity. It explains database system components and architecture including physical and logical data models. Key aspects covered are data definition language to create schemas, data manipulation language to query data, and transaction management to handle concurrent access and recovery. It also provides a brief history of database systems and discusses database users and the critical role of database administrators.
The key characteristics of the database approach include: self-describing metadata that defines the database structure; insulation between programs and data through program-data and program-operation independence; data abstraction through conceptual data representation; support for multiple views of the data; and sharing of data through multiuser transaction processing that allows concurrent access while maintaining isolation and atomicity.
The document compares file systems and database management systems (DBMS) for storing a company's 500GB of employee, department, product, and sales data. It notes several drawbacks of using a file system, including data redundancy, integrity issues, restricted concurrent access, and lack of flexibility. It then outlines key advantages of using a DBMS instead, such as data sharing, enforcement of security and integrity, reduction of redundancy, and support for concurrent access and crash recovery.
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard language used to create, retrieve, and manage data in relational databases. SQL allows users to define tables, manipulate data within those tables through insert, update, delete statements, and retrieve data through select statements. SQL has different components including DDL for defining database structure, DML for manipulating data, DCL for controlling access, and TCL for managing transactions.
This document provides information about different types of database languages. It discusses database definition languages (DDL) which are used to define the database structure, data manipulation languages (DML) which are used to retrieve and modify data, data control languages (DCL) which control security and access, and transaction control languages (TCL) which manage transactions. Examples of commands for each language type are provided, such as CREATE, ALTER, and DROP for DDL and SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE for DML.
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines RDBMS as a system that structures data into tables with rows and columns, and can relate these tables through common fields. The key aspects covered include relational algebra operations like select, project, join; structured query language (SQL) for manipulating and retrieving data; and the advantages of RDBMS like supporting a tabular data structure, multi-user access, and imposing integrity constraints.
Memory is organized in a hierarchy with different levels providing trade-offs between speed and cost.
- Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for fastest access.
- Main memory (RAM) is where active programs and data reside and is faster than auxiliary memory but more expensive.
- Auxiliary memory (disks, tapes) provides backup storage and is slower than main memory but larger and cheaper.
Virtual memory manages this hierarchy through address translation techniques like paging that map virtual addresses to physical locations, allowing programs to access more memory than physically available. When data is needed from auxiliary memory a page fault occurs and page replacement algorithms determine what data to remove from main memory.
This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as an organized collection of data and explains that a DBMS is software that allows for the storage, organization, and retrieval of data from a database. The document then discusses different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented models. It provides examples and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each model.
The document discusses the key differences between a file system and a database management system (DBMS). A file system is software that organizes files in a storage medium, while a DBMS is an application that is used to access, create, and manage databases. Some key differences are:
- A file system does not provide crash recovery or support for complex transactions, whereas a DBMS offers crash recovery and makes complex transactions easier.
- Data inconsistency is higher with file systems, while DBMS provides greater data consistency and security.
- File systems do not natively offer features like concurrency control and transaction support that DBMS provides.
The document discusses the relational data model and query languages. It provides the following key points:
1. The relational data model organizes data into tables with rows and columns, where rows represent records and columns represent attributes. Relations between data are represented through tables.
2. Relational integrity constraints include key constraints, domain constraints, and referential integrity constraints to ensure valid data.
3. Relational algebra and calculus provide theoretical foundations for query languages like SQL. Relational algebra uses operators like select, project, join on relations, while relational calculus specifies queries using logic.
Dbms architecture
Three level architecture is also called ANSI/SPARC architecture or three schema architecture
This framework is used for describing the structure of specific database systems (small systems may not support all aspects of the architecture)
In this architecture the database schemas can be defined at three levels explained in next slide
This document discusses different database models including hierarchical, network, entity-relationship, and relational models. The hierarchical model organizes data in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships. The network model extends the hierarchical model by allowing nodes to have more than one parent. The entity-relationship model divides data into entities and attributes and represents relationships visually. The relational model, introduced by E.F. Codd in 1970, organizes data into two-dimensional tables related through common fields and is the most widely used database model today.
The document discusses key concepts from Chapter 2 on database environments, including:
1) It describes the ANSI-SPARC three-level architecture for database systems, which separates data into external, conceptual, and internal levels.
2) It explains the roles of various users in a database environment like data administrators, database administrators, and end users.
3) It provides an overview of database languages, data models, and the functions of a database management system.
Codd's 12 rules are a set of rules proposed by Edgar Codd to define what is required for a database management system to be considered relational. The rules include that all data must be represented in tables and columns, all data must be logically addressable, null values must be supported systematically, the database structure must be accessible through queries, and the system must support set-based operations like inserts, updates and deletes. The rules also require physical and logical independence between the application, data and constraints.
The document discusses the components and advantages of a database management system (DBMS). It identifies the major components of a DBMS as software, hardware, data, procedures, and users. It then describes each component in detail. The document also discusses 14 key advantages of using a DBMS compared to traditional file-based systems, such as controlling data redundancy and inconsistency, enabling data sharing, integration and security, and providing capabilities like atomic transactions, querying, reporting and backup/recovery.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how databases evolved from file systems to address flaws in data management. It describes what a DBMS is and its functions in managing the database structure and controlling data access. The document also summarizes different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
The document discusses the drawbacks of using file systems to manage large amounts of shared data, such as data redundancy, inconsistency, isolation, and lack of security and crash recovery. It then introduces database management systems (DBMS) as an alternative that offers advantages like data independence, efficient access, integrity, security, concurrent access, administration, and reduced application development time. However, DBMS also have disadvantages including cost, size, complexity, and higher impact of failure.
A data model is a set of concepts that define the structure of data in a database. The three main types of data models are the hierarchical model, network model, and relational model. The hierarchical model uses a tree structure with parent-child relationships, while the network model allows many-to-many relationships but is more complex. The relational model - which underlies most modern databases - uses tables with rows and columns to represent data, and relationships are represented by values in columns.
The document discusses the entity relationship (ER) model used for conceptual database design. It describes the key components of an ER diagram including entities represented as rectangles, attributes described as ovals, and relationships shown as diamonds. Different types of relationships are also defined such as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. The ER model provides a way to design and visualize the entities, attributes, and relationships within a database in a simple diagram.
A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the creation, management, and use of databases. A DBMS provides users and administrators with various tools and applications to store, organize, and access data. It allows for data to be easily retrieved, filtered, sorted, and updated efficiently. Some key components of a DBMS include the database users, the data itself, software and procedures, hardware, and database access languages. DBMSs are widely used in applications such as banking, universities, e-commerce, and more.
This document defines database and DBMS, describes their advantages over file-based systems like data independence and integrity. It explains database system components and architecture including physical and logical data models. Key aspects covered are data definition language to create schemas, data manipulation language to query data, and transaction management to handle concurrent access and recovery. It also provides a brief history of database systems and discusses database users and the critical role of database administrators.
The key characteristics of the database approach include: self-describing metadata that defines the database structure; insulation between programs and data through program-data and program-operation independence; data abstraction through conceptual data representation; support for multiple views of the data; and sharing of data through multiuser transaction processing that allows concurrent access while maintaining isolation and atomicity.
The document compares file systems and database management systems (DBMS) for storing a company's 500GB of employee, department, product, and sales data. It notes several drawbacks of using a file system, including data redundancy, integrity issues, restricted concurrent access, and lack of flexibility. It then outlines key advantages of using a DBMS instead, such as data sharing, enforcement of security and integrity, reduction of redundancy, and support for concurrent access and crash recovery.
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard language used to create, retrieve, and manage data in relational databases. SQL allows users to define tables, manipulate data within those tables through insert, update, delete statements, and retrieve data through select statements. SQL has different components including DDL for defining database structure, DML for manipulating data, DCL for controlling access, and TCL for managing transactions.
This document provides information about different types of database languages. It discusses database definition languages (DDL) which are used to define the database structure, data manipulation languages (DML) which are used to retrieve and modify data, data control languages (DCL) which control security and access, and transaction control languages (TCL) which manage transactions. Examples of commands for each language type are provided, such as CREATE, ALTER, and DROP for DDL and SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE for DML.
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines RDBMS as a system that structures data into tables with rows and columns, and can relate these tables through common fields. The key aspects covered include relational algebra operations like select, project, join; structured query language (SQL) for manipulating and retrieving data; and the advantages of RDBMS like supporting a tabular data structure, multi-user access, and imposing integrity constraints.
Memory is organized in a hierarchy with different levels providing trade-offs between speed and cost.
- Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for fastest access.
- Main memory (RAM) is where active programs and data reside and is faster than auxiliary memory but more expensive.
- Auxiliary memory (disks, tapes) provides backup storage and is slower than main memory but larger and cheaper.
Virtual memory manages this hierarchy through address translation techniques like paging that map virtual addresses to physical locations, allowing programs to access more memory than physically available. When data is needed from auxiliary memory a page fault occurs and page replacement algorithms determine what data to remove from main memory.
This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as an organized collection of data and explains that a DBMS is software that allows for the storage, organization, and retrieval of data from a database. The document then discusses different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented models. It provides examples and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each model.
The document discusses the key differences between a file system and a database management system (DBMS). A file system is software that organizes files in a storage medium, while a DBMS is an application that is used to access, create, and manage databases. Some key differences are:
- A file system does not provide crash recovery or support for complex transactions, whereas a DBMS offers crash recovery and makes complex transactions easier.
- Data inconsistency is higher with file systems, while DBMS provides greater data consistency and security.
- File systems do not natively offer features like concurrency control and transaction support that DBMS provides.
Database users can be categorized into actors on the scene and workers behind the scene. Actors on the scene include database administrators, database designers, end users like casual users, naive users, and sophisticated users. Workers behind the scene include DBMS system designers and implementers who design and develop the database management system software and modules.
This presentation discusses the following topics:
What is File Management System?
What is Database Management System?
File system vs Database Management System
Limitations of File Based System
Advantages of Database Management System
DBMS Environment
Examples of Database Applications
Limitation of Database Management System
A critique on traditional file system vs databasesShallote Dsouza
This document compares traditional file systems to database management systems. It discusses that traditional file systems organize independent files, can result in data redundancy and inconsistencies. Database management systems store structured data in a centralized location, reducing redundancy and improving data sharing, security, and integrity through techniques like normalization. The document also notes several advantages to switching from traditional file systems to database systems, such as easier random data access, recovery, and more flexible data management overall.
1. The document discusses the differences between a DBMS and a file system. A DBMS provides features like crash recovery, concurrent access control, and efficient data storage and retrieval that a file system does not provide.
2. It describes the three schema architecture of a database system including the physical, conceptual, and external schemas.
3. It provides an overview of the components of a database system including the storage manager, query processor, and different types of users.
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Data exists in unorganized files but can be organized into a database using a database management system (DBMS). Traditional file management involves storing data in files that can be manually accessed and updated, but this leads to problems like data redundancy, lack of flexibility, and security issues. A DBMS centralizes data, allows efficient management and sharing of data, and provides access to stored data through application programs to reduce these problems.
CP 121 introduces database systems. The lecture covers file-based systems, the database approach, common database uses, users, DBMS components and functions, and advantages and disadvantages of databases. Key points include: File-based systems are limited but the database approach offers data sharing and consistency. A DBMS manages data storage, transactions, integrity, security and more. Database users include administrators, designers, developers and end users who access data through applications.
Database management system lecture notesUTSAHSINGH2
DBMS provide an organized collection of interrelated data stored and retrieved digitally in a computer system. A DBMS uses SQL to allow users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. It consists of several components including a query processor, data dictionary, runtime database manager and data manager. The three schema architecture separates the logical and physical levels to provide data independence and abstraction.
1. The document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and provides examples of common database applications like banking, airlines, universities, and more.
2. It then gives examples of university database applications like adding students/courses, registering for classes, assigning grades, and more.
3. Early database applications were built directly on file systems, but DBMS provides advantages like data integrity, security, transaction control, concurrent access, and independence from physical storage.
The document discusses database management systems (DBMS). It covers topics such as the introduction to databases, components of a DBMS, and applications of DBMS. It defines a DBMS as a system software used to create and manage databases. A DBMS provides users with tools to define, manipulate, retrieve, and manage data. It also discusses the different types of databases like hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented databases.
The document discusses key concepts related to database management systems (DBMS), including:
1. A DBMS allows for the creation, organization, and management of structured data in a centralized database that can be easily accessed and shared.
2. The three-level architecture of a DBMS separates the database into an internal, conceptual, and external schema to abstract the physical storage from the logical design and user view.
3. Key components of a DBMS include hardware for storage and input/output, software for managing the database, and users who design, implement and query the database system.
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2. File system
• File system is a method and data structure that the operating system uses to
control how data is stored and retrieved.
• A file system stores and organizes data and can be thought of as a type of index
for all the data contained in a storage device. These devices can include hard
drives, optical drives and flash drives.
• File systems contain information such as the size of the file, as well as its
attributes, location and hierarchy.
3. Role of File system
File systems use metadata to store and retrieve files.
• Date created
• Last date of access
• User ID of the file creator
• Access permissions
• File size
4. Database Management Systems
• Databases are the most common way to store and manage data used by
applications.
• A database management system (DBMS) is a software tool that enables users to
manage a database easily.
• It allows users to access and interact with the underlying data in the database.
5. Database Management Systems
DBMS Includes
• Configuring authentication and authorization.
• Providing data backups and snapshots.
• Performance tuning.
• Data recovery.
6. Difference Between File System & DBMS
File System DBMS
A file system is a software that manages and
organizes the files in a storage medium. It controls
how data is stored and retrieved.
DBMS or Database Management System is a software
application. It is used for accessing, creating, and
managing databases
The file system provides the details of data
representation and storage of data.
DBMS gives an abstract view of data that hides the
details
It does not offer data recovery processes. There is a backup recovery for data in DBMS
The file system doesn’t have a crash recovery
mechanism
DBMS provides a crash recovery mechanism
7. Difference Between File System & DBMS
File System DBMS
Protecting a file system is very difficult. DBMS offers good protection mechanism
In a file management system, the redundancy of data
is greater.
The redundancy of data is low in the DBMS system.
Less complex, does not support complicated
transactions
More complexity in managing the data, easier to
implement complicated transactions