DEVELOPMENT TOOLS FOR MICROCONTROLLERS.pdf
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Development tools for microcontrollers include text editors, assemblers, compilers, simulators, debuggers, linkers, and integrated development environments (IDEs). Text editors allow creating and editing programs and files. Assemblers generate executable code from assembly language programs. Compilers perform the same function for high-level languages like C, which are easier for developing complex programs. Simulators run programs on PCs without hardware. Debuggers help eliminate bugs by pinpointing error locations. Linkers combine separate code modules into a single executable. IDEs integrate necessary tools like editors, compilers and debuggers into a single package.
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Types of Microcontrollers.pdfSrikrishna Thota Microcontrollers can be categorized based on bit size, memory configuration, and instruction set. They come in 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit varieties. Memory configuration includes external memory and embedded memory microcontrollers. Instruction sets include CISC and RISC. Common microcontroller architectures are Harvard and Von Neumann. Popular microcontrollers like the 8051 are used in consumer appliances, home appliances, communication systems, automobiles, medical equipment, and more. Microcontroller technology has evolved from 4-bit to 32-bit varieties used in different applications.
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Port Organization of 8051 .pdfSrikrishna Thota The 8051 microcontroller has four 8-bit parallel I/O ports (P0, P1, P2, P3) that are bidirectional and constructed with D-type latches. All ports are configured as input ports after reset. To configure a port as an input, a high bit must be written to all its pins using an instruction like SETB. To configure a port as an output, a low bit must be written. Reading a low bit from an input port returns 0, while reading a high bit returns 1.
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DAC Interfacing with 8051.pdfSrikrishna Thota This document discusses interfacing a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with an 8051 microcontroller. It explains that a DAC is used to convert digital pulses from the 8051 into analog signals that can be read by systems requiring analog inputs. Specifically, it describes using an 8-bit DAC 0808 chip to convert digital data from the 8051 into a corresponding analog output voltage. It also provides 8051 assembly code examples to generate triangular and square wave outputs using a DAC interfaced with an 8051 port.
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Interfacing of 8051 with 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface.pdfSrikrishna Thota The document discusses interfacing the 8051 microcontroller with the 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI). It explains that the 8051 has limited I/O ports, so the 8255 is used to provide additional ports (Port A, B, C). It describes the components needed, including the 8051, 8255, decoder and logic gates. It provides the address mapping for the 8255 ports and the control logic design. An algorithm and assembly code example is given to read inputs from 8255 Port A and B, add the values, and output the result to Port C.
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BInary Number RepresentationSrikrishna Thota Binary numbers can be represented in either unsigned or signed form. Unsigned numbers do not have a sign bit and represent only magnitude, while signed numbers use a sign bit to distinguish positive and negative values. There are three common methods for signed binary representation: (1) signed magnitude, (2) one's complement, and (3) two's complement. Two's complement is now the most widely used method because it avoids ambiguities around representing zero.
Number Base Conversion Digital Electronics
Number Base Conversion Digital ElectronicsSrikrishna Thota The document discusses various number base conversion methods. It explains how to convert between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal number systems. The key steps are to break numbers into their place value components in the target base system and then recombine them. Conversion between two bases may require an intermediate step of first converting to binary. Examples are provided for converting decimal fractions and integers to other bases and vice versa.
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Digital Electronics Notes Srikrishna Thota This document provides an introduction to digital electronics and digital signals. It discusses the basics of analog and digital signals, with digital signals taking on discrete voltage levels compared to the continuous variation of analog signals. The advantages of digital techniques are explained, such as increased noise immunity and reliability. Common number systems are introduced, including binary, octal, hexadecimal and decimal, along with methods for converting between them. The key concepts of bytes, coding and voltage assignments in digital circuits are also covered at a high level.
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Microprocessor Interfacing and 8155 FeaturesSrikrishna Thota The 8155 and 8156 microprocessor interface chips differ in that the 8155 has an active low Chip Enable (CE) signal, while the 8156 has an active high CE signal. The 8155 is a multifunction chip that contains RAM, I/O ports, and a timer. It has two 8-bit I/O ports, one 6-bit I/O port, a 14-bit counter/timer, 2Kb of RAM, and can be interfaced with the 8085 microprocessor. The document then provides details on the pinout, memory mapping, control register, port configurations, timer operation modes, and status register of the 8155 chip.
Analog to Digital Conversion Basics
Analog to Digital Conversion BasicsSrikrishna Thota The document discusses analog to digital conversion. It defines analog and digital signals and explains the conversion process.
1) Analog signals are continuously variable, while digital signals represent information as discrete numbers.
2) An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) samples an analog signal by taking regular snapshots and assigning the closest digital value.
3) A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) reconstructs the analog signal from the digital values for playback. Increasing the sampling rate and precision reduces errors between the original and reconstructed signals.
8259 programmable interrupt controller
8259 programmable interrupt controllerSrikrishna Thota The 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) handles multiple interrupt requests from I/O devices connected to the CPU. It has 8 interrupt lines and can prioritize and process interrupts. It includes registers to store interrupt requests and service status, and can cascade with other PICs to handle more interrupts. When an interrupt occurs, the PIC sends a call instruction to the CPU, then the interrupt service routine address, allowing the CPU to service high-priority interrupts first in a multitasking system.
8085 interfacing with memory chips
8085 interfacing with memory chipsSrikrishna Thota This document discusses memory interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor. It begins by describing the different types of computer memory, including primary/volatile memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary/non-volatile memory (magnetic tapes, disks, optical disks). It then discusses how the 8085 microprocessor interfaces with memory chips through an interface circuit. The interface circuit matches the memory chip signals to the microprocessor address and control signals. Memory interfacing involves selecting the appropriate memory chip, identifying the correct register using address lines, and enabling read/write buffers using control signals.
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