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Demystifying dependency Injection: Dagger and Toothpick

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Danny Preussler
Danny Preussler

Dependency Injection, that's the thing that Dagger2 does, right? For most of us, it's black magic. Let's look deeper how DI works. And then we better understand the frameworks that are out there. This session introduce Toothpick that was created this year and is already used by millions of users as driven a lot by engineers at Groupon. What was their need? What's wrong with Dagger? Toothpick was designed to bring goodies from Guice to modern mobile world. It focuses on scopes and unit testing without loosing performance as Roboguice did.

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I come with knifes A story of Daggers and Toothpicks… Droidcon Krakow 2016 Danny Preussler @PreusslerBerlin
@PreusslerBerlin Once upon a time
@PreusslerBerlin A single activity
@PreusslerBerlin public class LonelyActivity extends Activity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); } }
@PreusslerBerlin needs to
@PreusslerBerlin needs to support
@PreusslerBerlin needs to support Tracking
@PreusslerBerlin The journey to testability starts
@PreusslerBerlin Starring
@PreusslerBerlin Tracker as component public interface Tracker { void trackStarted(); }
@PreusslerBerlin GoogleAnalyticsTracker as Tracker public class GoogleAnalyticsTracker implements Tracker { @Override public void trackStarted() { } }
@PreusslerBerlin Prolog The Untestable
@PreusslerBerlin public class LonelyActivity extends Activity { private final Tracker tracker = new GoogleAnalyticsTracker(); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin public class LonelyActivity extends Activity { private final Tracker tracker = new GoogleAnalyticsTracker(); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin public class LonelyActivity extends Activity { private final Tracker tracker = new GoogleAnalyticsTracker(); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); tracker.trackStarted(); } } Not testable!
@PreusslerBerlin A voice out of the dark: Inversion of Control!
@PreusslerBerlin A voice out of the dark: Inversion of Control!
@PreusslerBerlin public class LonelyActivity extends Activity { private final Tracker tracker = new GoogleAnalyticsTracker(); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin Act I The Factory
@PreusslerBerlin public class Dependencies { static Dependencies instance = new Dependencies(); public static Dependencies getInstance() { return instance; } public Tracker getTracker() { return new GoogleAnalyticsTracker(); } …
@PreusslerBerlin public class Dependencies { static Dependencies instance = new Dependencies(); public static Dependencies getInstance() { return instance; } public Tracker getTracker() { return new GoogleAnalyticsTracker(); } …
@PreusslerBerlin public class Dependencies { static Dependencies instance = new Dependencies(); public static Dependencies getInstance() { return instance; } public Tracker getTracker() { return new GoogleAnalyticsTracker(); } …
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { Tracker tracker = getInstance().getTracker(); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { Tracker tracker = getInstance().getTracker(); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin @Mock Tracker tracker; @Before public void setup() { … Dependencies.instance = mock(Dependencies.class); when(Dependencies.instance.getTracker()) .thenReturn(tracker); } @Test public void should_track() { new SimpleActivity().onCreate(null); verify(tracker).trackStarted(); }
@PreusslerBerlin @Mock Tracker tracker; @Before public void setup() { … Dependencies.instance = mock(Dependencies.class); when(Dependencies.instance.getTracker()) .thenReturn(tracker); } @Test public void should_track() { new SimpleActivity().onCreate(null); verify(tracker).trackStarted(); }
@PreusslerBerlin @Mock Tracker tracker; @Before public void setup() { … Dependencies.instance = mock(Dependencies.class); when(Dependencies.instance.getTracker()) .thenReturn(tracker); } @Test public void should_track() { new SimpleActivity().onCreate(null); verify(tracker).trackStarted(); }
@PreusslerBerlin +/- Somehow testable - Not very dynamic - Lots of code
@PreusslerBerlin Act II The Map
@PreusslerBerlin public class Dependencies { static Map<Class, Class> modules = new HashMap<>(); static { modules.put( Tracker.class, new GoogleAnalyticsTracker()); } public static <T> T get(Class<T> clzz) { return (T) modules.get(clzz); } }
@PreusslerBerlin public class Dependencies { static Map<Class, Class> modules = new HashMap<>(); static { modules.put( Tracker.class, new GoogleAnalyticsTracker()); } public static <T> T get(Class<T> clzz) { return (T) modules.get(clzz); } }
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { Tracker tracker = getInstance().get(Tracker.class); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { Tracker tracker = getInstance().get(Tracker.class); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin + Testable + Dynamic - Instances created at startup
@PreusslerBerlin Act III Reflection(s)
@PreusslerBerlin public class Dependencies { private final static Map<Class, Class> modules = new HashMap<>(); static { modules.put( Tracker.class, GoogleAnalyticsTracker.class); } static <T> T get(Class<T> clzz) { …
@PreusslerBerlin public class GoogleAnalyticsTracker implements Tracker { GoogleAnalyticsTracker(Activity activity) { ...} GoogleAnalyticsTracker(Application application) { ...} GoogleAnalyticsTracker(Context context) { ...} ...
@PreusslerBerlin public class GoogleAnalyticsTracker implements Tracker { GoogleAnalyticsTracker(Activity activity) { ...} GoogleAnalyticsTracker(Application application) { ...} @Inject GoogleAnalyticsTracker(Context context) { ...} ...
@PreusslerBerlin package javax.inject; @Target({ METHOD, CONSTRUCTOR, FIELD }) @Retention(RUNTIME) public @interface Inject {}
@PreusslerBerlin public class Dependencies { private final static Map<Class, Class> modules = new HashMap<>(); static { modules.put( Tracker.class, GoogleAnalyticsTracker.class); } static <T> T get(Class<T> clzz) { …
@PreusslerBerlin static <T> T get(Class<T> clzz) { … Constructor<?>[] constructors = clzz.getDeclaredConstructors(); for(Constructor ctr: constructors) {
@PreusslerBerlin static <T> T get(Class<T> clzz) { … Constructor<?>[] constructors = clzz.getDeclaredConstructors(); for(Constructor ctr: constructors) {
@PreusslerBerlin ... if(ctr.getDeclaredAnnotation(Inject.class) != null) { Class[] types = ctr.getParameterTypes(); Object[] params = new Object[types.length]; for (int i=1; i< params.length; i++) { params[i] = get(types[i]); }
@PreusslerBerlin if(ctr.getDeclaredAnnotation(Inject.class) != null) { Class[] types = ctr.getParameterTypes(); Object[] params = new Object[types.length]; for (int i=1; i< params.length; i++) { params[i] = get(types[i]); }
@PreusslerBerlin if(ctr.getDeclaredAnnotation(Inject.class) != null) { Class[] types = ctr.getParameterTypes(); Object[] params = new Object[types.length]; for (int i=1; i< params.length; i++) { params[i] = get(types[i]); }
@PreusslerBerlin ... try { return (T) ctr.newInstance(params); } catch (Exception e) { ... }
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { Tracker tracker = getInstance().get(Tracker.class); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { Tracker tracker = getInstance().get(Tracker.class); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin + Testable + Dynamic + Flexible
@PreusslerBerlin Can we improve that?
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { Tracker tracker = getInstance().get(Tracker.class); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { Tracker tracker = getInstance().get(Tracker.class); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { @Inject Tracker tracker; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { @Inject Tracker tracker; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); Dependencies.inject(this); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin static void inject(Object instance) { Field[] fields = instance.getClass().getDeclaredFields(); for (Field f: fields) { if (f.getDeclaredAnnotation(Inject.class) != null){ try { field.set(instance, get(f.getType())); } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {...} ...
@PreusslerBerlin static void inject(Object instance) { Field[] fields = instance.getClass().getDeclaredFields(); for (Field f: fields) { if (f.getDeclaredAnnotation(Inject.class) != null){ try { field.set(instance, get(f.getType())); } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {...} ...
@PreusslerBerlin static void inject(Object instance) { Field[] fields = instance.getClass().getDeclaredFields(); for (Field f: fields) { if (f.getDeclaredAnnotation(Inject.class) != null){ try { field.set(instance, get(f.getType())); } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {...} ...
@PreusslerBerlin static void inject(Object instance) { Field[] fields = instance.getClass().getDeclaredFields(); for (Field f: fields) { if (f.getDeclaredAnnotation(Inject.class) != null){ try { field.set(instance, get(f.getType())); } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {...} ...
@PreusslerBerlin OMG, We just built
@PreusslerBerlin OMG, We just built Guice!
@PreusslerBerlin OMG, We just built RoboGuice!
@PreusslerBerlin OMG, We just built RoboGuice!
@PreusslerBerlin import static Dependencies.getInstance; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { @Inject Tracker tracker; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); Dependencies.inject(this); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin - Reflection is slow
@PreusslerBerlin "Avoid dependency injection frameworks” - Google developer.android.com/training/articles/memory.html#DependencyInjection till early 2016
@PreusslerBerlin Act IV Compiler Magic
@PreusslerBerlin Annotation processing & Code generation
@PreusslerBerlin Here comes Dagger as Hero
@PreusslerBerlin The end!?
@PreusslerBerlin In its first screen appearance: Toothpick as unknown stranger
@PreusslerBerlin “YOUR boilerplate sucks”
@PreusslerBerlin “YOU don’t even know how to unit test!”
@PreusslerBerlin Fight!
@PreusslerBerlin The module
@PreusslerBerlin @Module static class BaseModule { ... BaseModule(Application application) { ... } @Provides public Tracker provideTracker() { return new GoogleAnalyticsTracker(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin class BaseModule extends Module { public BaseModule(Application application) { bind(Tracker.class) .to(GoogleAnalyticsTracker.class); ...
@PreusslerBerlin The component
@PreusslerBerlin @Component(modules = {BaseModule.class}) interface AppComponent { void inject(LonelyActivity activity); }
@PreusslerBerlin “WHAT component???”
@PreusslerBerlin Setup Dagger 0 : 1 Toothpick
@PreusslerBerlin Usage
@PreusslerBerlin class LonelyActivity extends Activity { @Inject Tracker tracker; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); ... tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin class MainApplication extends Application { @Override public void onCreate() { super.onCreate(); DaggerDependencies_AppComponent .builder() .baseModule( new BaseModule(this)) .build()
@PreusslerBerlin class LonelyActivity extends Activity { @Inject Tracker tracker; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); getApplication().getComponent().inject(this); tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin Scope scope = openScope("APPLICATION") scope.installModules( new BaseModule(application));
@PreusslerBerlin import static Toothpick.openScope; class LonelyActivity extends Activity { @Inject Tracker tracker; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); openScope("APPLICATION").inject(this); tracker.trackStarted(); } }
@PreusslerBerlin Usage Dagger 1 : 2 Toothpick
@PreusslerBerlin Testing
@PreusslerBerlin Testing
@PreusslerBerlin @Mock Tracker tracker; class TestModule extends Dependencies.BaseModule { TestModule() { super(mock(Application.class)); } @Provides public Tracker provideTracker() { return tracker; } } }
@PreusslerBerlin @Mock Tracker tracker; class TestModule extends Dependencies.BaseModule { TestModule() { super(mock(Application.class)); } @Provides public Tracker provideTracker() { return tracker; } } }
@PreusslerBerlin @Test public void should_track() { Application.set( DaggerDependencies_AppComponent .builder().baseModule( new TestModule()).build()); new LonelyActivity().onCreate(null); verify(tracker).trackStarted(); } ... }
@PreusslerBerlin @Test public void should_track() { Application.set( DaggerDependencies_AppComponent .builder().baseModule( new TestModule()).build()); new LonelyActivity().onCreate(null); verify(tracker).trackStarted(); } ... }
@PreusslerBerlin @Mock Tracker tracker; @Rule public ToothPickRule toothPickRule = new ToothPickRule(this, "APPLICATION_SCOPE"); @Test public void should_track() { new LonelyActivity().onCreate(null); verify(tracker).trackStarted(); }
@PreusslerBerlin @Mock Tracker tracker; @Rule public ToothPickRule toothPickRule = new ToothPickRule(this, "APPLICATION_SCOPE"); @Test public void should_track() { new LonelyActivity().onCreate(null); verify(tracker).trackStarted(); }
@PreusslerBerlin Testing Dagger 1 : 3 Toothpick
@PreusslerBerlin Scopes
@PreusslerBerlin @Singleton
@PreusslerBerlin @Scope @Retention(RUNTIME) public @interface ActivityScope {} @ActivityScope @Subcomponent(modules = {ScopeModule.class}) interface ScopeComponent { void inject(ScopeActivity activity); }
@PreusslerBerlin @Module static class ScopeModule { private Activity activity; public ScopeModule(Activity activity) { this.activity = activity; } @Provides @ActivityScope public Activity provideActivity() { return activity; } }
@PreusslerBerlin @Component(modules = {BaseModule.class}) interface AppComponent { void inject(LonelyActivity activity); ScopeComponent plus(ScopeModule module); }
@PreusslerBerlin “That’s Annotation Porn!”
@PreusslerBerlin public class ScopeActivity extends Activity { … private ScopeComponent scope; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); scope = createScope(this); scope.inject(this); … } // call from fragments... public ScopeComponent getScope() { return scope; } }
@PreusslerBerlin public class ScopeActivity extends Activity { … private ScopeComponent scope; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { super.onCreate(state); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); scope = createScope(this); scope.inject(this); … } // call from fragments... public ScopeComponent getScope() { return scope; } }
@PreusslerBerlin “Stop this madness!”
@PreusslerBerlin class ScopeModule extends Module { public ScopeModule(Activity activity) { bind(Activity.class).toInstance(activity); }
@PreusslerBerlin Scope scope = openScopes(”APPLICATION_SCOPE”, activity.getClass().getName()); scope.installModules( new ScopeModule(activity));
@PreusslerBerlin Scope scope = openScopes(”APPLICATION_SCOPE”, activity.getClass().getName()); scope.installModules( new ScopeModule(activity));
@PreusslerBerlin closeScope( activity.getClass().getName());
@PreusslerBerlin Scopes Dagger 1 : 4 Toothpick
@PreusslerBerlin Performance
1000 injections • Dagger 1: 33 ms • Dagger 2: 31 ms • Toothpick: 35 ms 6400 injections • Dagger 1: 45 ms • Dagger 2: 42 ms • Toothpick: 66 ms
@PreusslerBerlin Performance Dagger 2 : 4 Toothpick
@PreusslerBerlin And there is more: SmoothieModule
@PreusslerBerlin Ease of use Speed Roboguice Dagger Toothpick
@PreusslerBerlin Dagger: + compile safe + feature rich + performant
@PreusslerBerlin Dagger: -heavy weight - top down - annotation porn - hard on unit tests
@PreusslerBerlin Toothpick: + light weight + bottom up + less boilerplate + testing focus
@PreusslerBerlin Toothpick: -not idiot proof - performance
@PreusslerBerlin Choose the right tool for your problem! ABetterToolbyTheMarmot,CCby2.0,flickr.com/photos/themarmot/6283203163
@PreusslerBerlin github.com/ dpreussler/ understand_dependencies
@PreusslerBerlin TP written by Stephane Nicolas Daniel Molinero Reguera Presented by Danny Preussler Special thanks to Florina Muntenescu
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Demystifying dependency Injection: Dagger and Toothpick

Editor's Notes

  • #3: A code base, one activity, needed a tracker Needed in in a testable way
  • #4: A code base, one activity, needed a tracker Needed in in a testable way
  • #6: A code base, one activity, needed a tracker Needed in in a testable way
  • #7: A code base, one activity, needed a tracker Needed in in a testable way
  • #8: A code base, one activity, needed a tracker Needed in in a testable way
  • #9: A code base, one activity, needed a tracker Needed in in a testable way
  • #33: Same as before
  • #34: Same as before
  • #37: Todo split Show inject interface TODO show singleton! But needs lazy loading then! TODO in code!
  • #40: Known as @Inject
  • #41: Todo split Show inject interface TODO show singleton! But needs lazy loading then! TODO in code!
  • #42: Todo split Show inject interface TODO show singleton! But needs lazy loading then! TODO in code!
  • #43: Todo split Show inject interface TODO show singleton! But needs lazy loading then! TODO in code!
  • #44: Todo split Show inject interface TODO show singleton! But needs lazy loading then! TODO in code!
  • #45: Todo split Show inject interface TODO show singleton! But needs lazy loading then! TODO in code!
  • #46: Todo split Show inject interface TODO show singleton! But needs lazy loading then! TODO in code!
  • #47: Todo split Show inject interface TODO show singleton! But needs lazy loading then! TODO in code!
  • #48: Same as before
  • #49: Same as before
  • #52: Same as before
  • #53: Same as before
  • #54: Same as before
  • #55: Same as before
  • #56: Same as before
  • #57: Same as before
  • #58: Same as before
  • #59: Same as before
  • #61: RobGuice
  • #62: RobGuice
  • #63: Cheated a bit with some newer reflection methods
  • #64: Google slide NOI
  • #65: Problem google said don’t use Relfection is slow!
  • #66: Problem google said don’t use Relfection is slow!
  • #67: Problem google said don’t use Relfection is slow!
  • #68: Problem google said don’t use Relfection is slow!
  • #74: Add street figher
  • #80: Not in JSR
  • #83: Google slide NOI
  • #85: Same!
  • #87: Same!
  • #91: Lets try anway
  • #92: Lets try anway
  • #117: Dagger is heavy weight, top down, annotation porn, compile safe, faster, not for unit tests TP is light weight, bottom up, reduced boilerplate, runtime bases scopes, JSR conform, testing focused
  • #118: Dagger is heavy weight, top down, annotation porn, compile safe, faster, not for unit tests TP is light weight, bottom up, reduced boilerplate, runtime bases scopes, JSR conform, testing focused
  • #119: Dagger is heavy weight, top down, annotation porn, compile safe, faster, not for unit tests TP is light weight, bottom up, reduced boilerplate, runtime bases scopes, JSR conform, testing focused
  • #120: Dagger is heavy weight, top down, annotation porn, compile safe, faster, not for unit tests TP is light weight, bottom up, reduced boilerplate, runtime bases scopes, JSR conform, testing focused
  翻译：