Database Anti Patterns
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This document provides an overview of database anti-patterns including: - The entity-attribute-value pattern, which stores data in a type-value format and cannot efficiently model constraints. Other options include seeking proper relational models or a "poor man's EAV" approach. - Materialized path trees, which reference the full parent path for each child and violate normalization rules but allow retrieving the entire tree or subtrees with a single query. Moving subtrees only requires updating the path column. - Surrogate keys, which are artificially added unique identifiers that can make queries harder to read but help ensure primary keys remain immutable.
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More from Robert Treat (20)
Advanced Int->Bigint Conversions
Advanced Int->Bigint ConversionsRobert Treat Expanded slide set for my talk on dealing with integer overflow and generalized data type conversion techniques. Versions of this talk were given at PGConf NYC, CitusCon, and SCALE 2022
Explaining Explain
Explaining ExplainRobert Treat The original Explaining Explain talk, focused on how the Postgres query optimizer works, and how to use the Explain command to better tune queries. This was delivered at OSCon ~2005, though the fundamentals still mostly apply today.
the-lost-art-of-plpgsql
the-lost-art-of-plpgsqlRobert Treat It is hard to believe, but plpgsql used to be a thing. Now lost in all the hype of REST APIs and JSON wizardry, the idea of doing server-side database functions gives most people the shivers. But as it turns out, doing things server-side can be pretty useful. So useful that Postgres 11 recently upped the plpgsql game by introducing support for true stored procedures. What does that mean for you? It's time to take another look at plpgsql and what new options are available inside everyone's favorite database.
This talk aims to cover
A brief overview of postgres functions
An equally brief look at plpgsql
At least one slide on DO scripts
A slightly more extensive look at the new stored procedure functionality
A primer for advocating on using server side logic
Always with the trade-offs
Ok, plpgsql probably isn't going to take over the world, but its a handy toolset and one too many DBA's and Developers simply overlook in favor of more cumbersome solutions buried in their app code. We need to at least give it a fighting chance.
Managing Chaos In Production: Testing vs Monitoring
Managing Chaos In Production: Testing vs MonitoringRobert Treat This document discusses the trade-offs between testing and monitoring in a DevOps lifecycle. It argues that while testing is important and can find many issues, it is not enough on its own as systems are complex with many unknown unknowns. Monitoring is needed to catch issues that occur in production. The key aspects of monitoring discussed are focusing on monitoring metrics that affect business outcomes rather than just technical metrics, taking a top-down approach to understand the business and what to monitor, and increasing overall observability into systems. Both testing and monitoring are important, with their combined use providing better confidence in systems than either approach alone.
Managing Databases In A DevOps Environment 2016
Managing Databases In A DevOps Environment 2016Robert Treat Given at #pgdayphilly2016, this talk covers how configuration management, monitoring, and rapid deployments are impacting how we think about database management.
Less Alarming Alerts - SRECon 2016 
Less Alarming Alerts - SRECon 2016 Robert Treat The document discusses improving alert systems by reducing unnecessary alerts. It suggests focusing on alerts that require human action, identifying the business impact of alerts, and documenting how each alert is addressed. Non-actionable alerts should be converted to notices or removed. Organizations should design resilience into their systems to minimize reliance on human intervention during incidents.
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What Ops Can Learn From DesignRobert Treat Delivered at Velocity Europe in Barcelona, this talk introduces "ops" people to the idea of user centered design, touching on several techniques long used in the design world, and talks about how those ideas might be applied to software and processes that we use every day.
Postgres 9.4 First Look
Postgres 9.4 First LookRobert Treat The document discusses upcoming features in Postgres 9.4 including:
- Performance improvements such as reduced WAL size for updates, improved GIN index performance, and ability to separate query planning and execution times.
- Administration enhancements like ALTER SYSTEM for configuration changes, improved EXPLAIN output, and a new pg_stat_archiver view.
- New SQL functions like MAKE_TIMESTAMP and ordered-set aggregates.
- Backend changes like PL/pgSQL stack traces, concurrent REFRESH for materialized views, and the new JSONB binary format.
- Future directions include additional performance work and SQL features.
Less Alarming Alerts!
Less Alarming Alerts!Robert Treat Pretty much every company that has computers on the internet has someone who gets called when those computers go down. While this practice isn’t surprising, what is surprising is that we spend very little time as an industry discussing the right way to design and implement alerts. Not from a technical sense; what we need to discuss are how to make alerts something that are actually of value for the business, and worth the disruption they cause in peoples lives. That may sound a bit dramatic, but “pager fatigue” is a real risk to business, and “phantom pages” are a sign that things have gotten out of hand. We have terms for the bad things, it’s time to start talking about the good things. Topics we’ll cover include:
* The difference between metrics, alerts, alarms, and other particulars.
* How do you determine who should be called when a problem arises.
* Simple and effective techniques for your team to responding to alerts & alarms.
* How to attack your monitoring setup to eliminate alerts without adding risk.
* Defining what “production ready” ready software is in a way that the business people will agree to.
At OmniTI, we’re often forced to walk into the middle of an existing infrastructure that is already set on fire. The only thing worse than having no alerts in that situation is having hundreds of alerts screaming at you constantly. Over the years we’ve had to come up with a way to help keep our operations team sane while also providing business value, and most importantly giving comfort to the folks that have brought us in. The methods that we’ve developed can be used by any operations team to help bring sanity back to their world, and end the cycle of “pager fatigue”.
Past, Present, and Pachyderm - All Things Open - 2013
Past, Present, and Pachyderm - All Things Open - 2013Robert Treat Slides based on my talk at the All Things Open conference, held in Raleigh, North Carolina. This talk covers some basic history on Postgres, new features in the 9.3 release, and some thoughts on what might be in the future for Postgres.
Big Bad "Upgraded" Postgres
Big Bad "Upgraded" PostgresRobert Treat This talk covers a long running upgrade project of a multi-terabyte database from Postgres 8.3 to Postgres 9.1, by way of pg_migrator. We discuss both technical and non-technical reasons why the project took several years to complete.
Managing Databases In A DevOps Environment
Managing Databases In A DevOps EnvironmentRobert Treat There’s a lot of talk in the devops world about bringing developer concepts to system administration, and discussion the other way about bringing the awareness of operations to developers, but a lot of the conversation leaves out what is often the most critical part of your technology stack: the database. Perhaps that’s because DBA’s have always had to keep one foot in development and one in production, before there was a devops. Or maybe DBA’s just suck at playing well with others. Bottom line; it doesn’t matter. If you are going to store data, you need a plan that both developers and operations people can understand and embrace.
At OmniTI we’ve worked with many of the leaders in the devops movement and we’ve found there are commonalties across these organizations. It’s not so much about the tools, but about the techniques they use to help people break down barriers between different roles and establish a common ownership of technology within their organizations.
Monitoring and visibility, managing schema changes and production pushes, optimization, configuration and backups; there are aspects to data storage that bring about unique challenges. You won’t need to adopt all of these techniques to be successful, but it’s time you had a frank conversation about what it takes to make your database truly “webscale”.
Slides from PGOpen 2011, But this talk was also delivered at Velocity 2011 as well.
The Essential PostgreSQL.conf
The Essential PostgreSQL.confRobert Treat This talk cover the most important postgresql.conf variables that users should tune and/or study up on. It is geared toward Postgres 9.0.x servers.
Pro Postgres 9
Pro Postgres 9Robert Treat The document discusses PostgreSQL version 9 and provides information about upgrading PostgreSQL. It recommends making backups before upgrading, reading release notes and commit logs, and testing upgrades. It describes using pg_dump/pg_restore for simple upgrades but notes potential issues with time and disk usage. It also mentions using a replication-based "Slony method" which is more complex and has potential compatibility issues.
Advanced WAL File Management With OmniPITR
Advanced WAL File Management With OmniPITRRobert Treat This document provides an overview and examples of using OmniPITR, an open source tool for managing PostgreSQL WAL archiving and point-in-time recovery (PITR). It describes how OmniPITR consolidates and improves upon earlier scripts for archiving WAL files to multiple destinations, and allows for reusable, complete PITR solutions. Examples are given of using OmniPITR-Archive to configure archiving of WAL files with options like compression, custom logging and multiple archiving destinations. OmniPITR-Restore is also briefly mentioned as providing options for restoring from archived WAL files.
Scaling with Postgres (Highload++ 2010)
Scaling with Postgres (Highload++ 2010)Robert Treat The document discusses strategies for scaling PostgreSQL databases. It recommends using PostgreSQL version 8.3 or higher, implementing connection pooling, and setting up replication between a master and slave database. Monitoring and gaining visibility into database metrics and queries is also emphasized as important for capacity planning and performance tuning during scaling. The presenter advocates for a culture where application developers work closely with database administrators on schema design and queries.
Intro to Postgres 9 Tutorial
Intro to Postgres 9 TutorialRobert Treat The document discusses new features and improvements in PostgreSQL 9.0, including performance enhancements like improved VACUUM FULL and index usage, and new administration features like granting permissions on all tables in a schema at once and improved initialization process using pg_ctl initdb. It also covers areas like development, procedures, and replication.
Check Please!
Check Please!Robert Treat This document discusses the importance of monitoring a Postgres database to prevent issues and ensure high performance. It provides examples of key things to monitor such as connections, disk space, transactions, queries, and settings. Regular monitoring helps identify problems early before they seriously impact the database or lead to data loss or downtime. Tools can help support monitoring but experience is also important.
Database Scalability Patterns
Database Scalability PatternsRobert Treat This is a copy of the slides for my talk "Database Scalability Patterns", given in March at PGEast 2010.
A Guide To PostgreSQL 9.0
A Guide To PostgreSQL 9.0Robert Treat A copy of the slides from my presentation "Know More Waiting, A Guide To PostgreSQL 9.0", given in March at PGEast 2010.
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