Data structures Lecture no. 4

Feb 21, 2022Download as pptx, pdf0 likes25 views

The document discusses algorithms and data structures. It defines an algorithm as a set of well-defined instructions to solve a problem. Some qualities of a good algorithm mentioned include having precise input/output and unambiguous steps. Algorithms should be written in a way that is not specific to any programming language. Examples of algorithms like adding two numbers and finding the largest of three numbers are provided. Data structures and algorithms are important to learn as they help solve computational problems efficiently. Factorials are used as another example to explain algorithms.

ِ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬‫ه‬‫الر‬ ِ ‫ه‬
‫اَّلل‬ ِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬
‫يم‬ ِ‫ح‬‫ه‬‫الر‬

DATA STRUCTURES
& ALGORITHM
LECTURE NO. 4
BY: AZHAR IQBAL

ALGORITHM
AN ALGORITHM IS A SET OF WELL-DEFINED INSTRUCTIONS IN SEQUENCE TO SOLVE A PROBLEM

QUALITIES OF A GOOD ALGORITHM
 Input and output should be defined precisely.
 Each step in the algorithm should be clear and unambiguous.
 Algorithms should be most effective among many different ways to solve a
problem.
 An algorithm shouldn't include computer code. Instead, the algorithm should
be written in such a way that it can be used in different programming
languages.

EXAMPLES OF ALGORITHMS IN PROGRAMMING
Algorithm to add two numbers
entered by the user
Find the largest number among
three different numbers
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2
and sum.
Step 3: Read values num1 and num2.
Step 4: Add num1 and
num2 and assign the result to sum.
sum←num1+num2
Step 5: Display sum
Step 6: Stop
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables a,b and c.
Step 3: Read variables a,b and c.
Step 4: If a > b If a > c Display a is the
largest number. Else Display c is the
largest number. Else If b > c Display b
is the largest number. Else Display c is
the greatest number.
Step 5: Stop

WHY LEARN DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS?
For example, an algorithm to solve the
problem of factorials might look something
like this:
 Problem: Find the factorial of n
Here, the algorithm is written in English. If it was
written in a programming language, we would call
it to code instead. Here is a code for finding the
factorial of a number in C
Initialize fact = 1
For every value v in range 1 to n:
Multiply the fact by v
fact contains the factorial of n
int factorial(int n) {
int fact = 1;
for (int v = 1; v <= n; v++)
{
fact = fact * v;
}
return fact;
}

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This slide is an exercise for the inquisitive students preparing for the competitive examinations of the undergraduate and postgraduate students. An attempt is being made to present the slide keeping in mind the New Education Policy (NEP). An attempt has been made to give the references of the facts at the end of the slide. If new facts are discovered in the near future, this slide will be revised. This presentation is related to the brief History of Kashmir (Part-I) with special reference to Karkota Dynasty. In the seventh century a person named Durlabhvardhan founded the Karkot dynasty in Kashmir. He was a functionary of Baladitya, the last king of the Gonanda dynasty. This dynasty ruled Kashmir before the Karkot dynasty. He was a powerful king. Huansang tells us that in his time Taxila, Singhpur, Ursha, Punch and Rajputana were parts of the Kashmir state.

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Data structures Lecture no. 4

1. ِ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬‫ه‬‫الر‬ ِ ‫ه‬ ‫اَّلل‬ ِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫يم‬ ِ‫ح‬‫ه‬‫الر‬

2. DATA STRUCTURES & ALGORITHM LECTURE NO. 4 BY: AZHAR IQBAL

3. ALGORITHM AN ALGORITHM IS A SET OF WELL-DEFINED INSTRUCTIONS IN SEQUENCE TO SOLVE A PROBLEM

4. QUALITIES OF A GOOD ALGORITHM  Input and output should be defined precisely.  Each step in the algorithm should be clear and unambiguous.  Algorithms should be most effective among many different ways to solve a problem.  An algorithm shouldn't include computer code. Instead, the algorithm should be written in such a way that it can be used in different programming languages.

5. EXAMPLES OF ALGORITHMS IN PROGRAMMING Algorithm to add two numbers entered by the user Find the largest number among three different numbers Step 1: Start Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2 and sum. Step 3: Read values num1 and num2. Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to sum. sum←num1+num2 Step 5: Display sum Step 6: Stop Step 1: Start Step 2: Declare variables a,b and c. Step 3: Read variables a,b and c. Step 4: If a > b If a > c Display a is the largest number. Else Display c is the largest number. Else If b > c Display b is the largest number. Else Display c is the greatest number. Step 5: Stop

6. WHY LEARN DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS? For example, an algorithm to solve the problem of factorials might look something like this:  Problem: Find the factorial of n Here, the algorithm is written in English. If it was written in a programming language, we would call it to code instead. Here is a code for finding the factorial of a number in C Initialize fact = 1 For every value v in range 1 to n: Multiply the fact by v fact contains the factorial of n int factorial(int n) { int fact = 1; for (int v = 1; v <= n; v++) { fact = fact * v; } return fact; }

7. THANK YOU…. Any Question…?

Data structures Lecture no. 4

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