Computer memory & Memory Storage Devices.
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This document discusses different types of computer memory. It begins by defining memory as the physical devices used to temporarily or permanently store programs and data for use in a computer. It then describes the main types of memory as main memory, which temporarily stores currently executing data and instructions (e.g. RAM), and secondary memory, which permanently stores data for later use (e.g. hard disks). The document goes on to provide details on different technologies used for RAM, ROM, cache memory, and storage devices.
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Programming language
Programming languageRajThakuri Programming languages are systems of communication used to develop both system and application software by giving computers sets of instructions. There are five main types of programming languages: high-level languages, machine languages, assembly languages, fourth generation languages (4GL), and natural languages. High-level languages are problem-oriented and resemble English, making them easier to use than machine languages but requiring translation. Machine languages use binary and do not require translation but are difficult for humans. Assembly languages use mnemonics for instructions, requiring less translation time than machine languages. 4GLs are used for database and management systems, while natural languages allow users to give instructions to computers in languages like English.
Networking
NetworkingRajThakuri This document provides information about computer networking including definitions, components, types, and concepts. It defines a computer network as two or more connected computers that allow people to share files, printers, and other resources. There are two main types of networks based on architecture: client-server networks with a dedicated server and peer-to-peer networks without hierarchy. Other key topics covered include network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.), transmission media (guided, unguided), protocols, and modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex).
Software
SoftwareRajThakuri Software is a collection of programs and instructions that allow computers to perform tasks. There are two main types of software: system software and application software. System software includes operating systems, language processors, and utility programs. It manages computer hardware and allows other software to function. Application software is designed for specific tasks used by end users, like office suites and photo editors.
Operating system
Operating systemRajThakuri The operating system is a software interface between the computer hardware and user that manages hardware and software resources. It performs key functions like input/output control, memory management, resource allocation and scheduling, backing store management, virtual memory and paging, protection and security. Operating systems are classified based on user interface into command-line and graphical user interfaces, and based on users and tasks into single-user, multi-user, multi-programming, multi-tasking, and real-time operating systems. Common examples are MS-DOS, Unix, Linux, Windows.
Number system
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3. Conversion between number systems involves expressing the value of each digit based on its place value in that system.
4. Examples are provided of converting decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers to other number systems through determining place values of each digit.
Output devices
Output devicesRajThakuri This document discusses different types of output devices. It describes monitors, including CRT and LCD monitors. It also outlines various printer types like dot matrix, inkjet, and laser printers. Speakers and headphones are mentioned as audio output devices. Data projectors are noted as a way to display computer information on a large screen for multiple viewers.
Input devices
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Internet
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Artificial inteligence
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Testing of hypotheses
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- 2. In computing memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device. In the simple word Memory is a chip which is used to store data and instruction for the future use.
- 4. Main memory is divided into two parts :Main memory is a primary memory which is used to store data and instruction temporarily and it store those data and instruction which are currently executed. For example RAM. Random Access memory (RAM), should be better known as Read Write Memory (RWM). Read Only Memory (ROM) .
- 5. A RAM memory chip is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. In the most common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are combines to create a memory cell, which represents a single bit of data.
- 6. STATIC RAM Semi conductor memory Uses flip flop to store each bit of memory so does not need to be periodically refreshed Fast and consumes low power Expensive and has complex structure(6 transistors) so not used for high capacity applications
- 7. DYNAMIC RAM Stores each bit of memory in capacitor in an intrgrated circuit Real capacitors leak charge so capacitors need to be refreshed periodically Simple structure (1 capacitor and 1 transistor per bit) so it has very high density
- 8. New contents cannot be added Used to store the instructions of routine type,permanent in nature and used to control or supervise the hardware
- 9. PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY (PROM) Programmed to record the information using a facility PROM – programmmer Once the information is recorded it cannot be changed
- 10. ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY (EPROM) Information can be erased and chip can be reprogrammed to record different information using PROM programmer In formation is erased using UV radiations It is of two types- Ultra Voilet Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (UEPROM) and Electrically Alterable Programmable Read Only Memory (EAPROM)
- 11. ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY (EEPROM) Memory is erased by electrical signals Provides easy means to store temporary or permanent information in the form of ROM memory
- 12. Faster and expensive than RAM It improves the computer’s performance and is less than 512 KB Processor can use it to store frequently accessed data and programs instructions It is of two types – L1 / primary cache(inside microprocessor) and L2/ secondary cache(in the mother board or near the microprocessor)
- 13. It supplements the main memory. It is permanent memory. Programs, data entered into the system, intermediate results and final results produced are stored in the secondary memory
- 14. MAGNETIC BASED STORAGE DEVICES Prepared using using formatting Data is recorded on disk in concentric circular bands called tracks. MAGNETIC TAPE FLOPPY DISK HARD DISK
- 15. OPTICAL STORAGE MEDIA Stores large amount of data in some formats as much as the entire hard disk Reads data by focusing a laser- generated beam of light on light on disc’s surface CD- ROM discs DVD- ROM discs
- 16. Ranking of computer memory devices, with devices having the fastest access time at the top of hierarchy, and devices with slower access time but larger capacity and lower cost at lower levels
- 17. THANKS
Editor's Notes
- #2: Master in business management