Classification Approach for Big Data Driven Traffic Flow Prediction using Apache Spark

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1516
CLASSIFICATION APPROACH FOR BIG DATA DRIVEN TRAFFIC FLOW
PREDICTION USING APACHE SPARK
Riya Gandewar1, Anupama Phakatkar2
1Student, Dept. of Computer Engineering, PICT college, Pune, Maharashtra
2 Professor, Dept. of Computer Engineering, PICT college, Pune, Maharashtra
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Abstract - Traffic problems are crucial issues in the
rapidly developing society. Traffic flow prediction is an
important problem in Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Over the last few years, traffic data have beenexploding,and
we have truly entered the era of big data for transportation.
In big data driven traffic flow prediction systems, accuracy
and timeliness affects the robustness of prediction
performance. Existing traffic flow prediction methods uses
different classification approaches, dealing with accuracy
and processing time problems.Toovercometheseproblems,
the system uses K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) for
classification and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) for
prediction of traffic flow. The KNN is used to find out the
patterns of route, that’s how much time should be required
from one destination to another. The CNN is used to predict
the traffic flow in the particular route. The traffic flow data
processing is done in Apache Spark. The output of the
proposed system is, routes which have minimum predicted
traffic flow. It is observed that, the proposed system for
traffic flow prediction has superior performance.
Key Words: Big Data, Classification, Prediction, Hadoop,
Apache Spark
1.INTRODUCTION
Accurate and timely traffic flow information are strongly
needed for individual travellers, business sectors, and
government agencies. Traffic flow prediction has gained
more and more attention with the rapid development and
deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs). It
collects traffic data such as traffic volume and speed on
every road and provide statistical summary services,usually
on traffic congestion [15]. Traffic congestion effects on
Vehicular queuing, travel time, cost, fuel consumption,
pollution in the environment. In a big city, the change of
traffic flow has a large impact on people’s daily life, such as
the route selection for drivers.
The big data generated by the Intelligent Transportation
Systems are worth further exploring to traffic management.
The introduction and development of the Intelligent
Transport System have resulted in more reliable traffic
information gathering, analyzing, and processing, thereby
providing more time-relevant and precise traffic analysis
and prediction to users.
Traffic flow disruptions can be categorized as predictable
and unpredictable. Predictable disruptions include traffic
signals, stop signs, public transit services, scheduled sport
events, music concerts, road constructions etc.
Unpredictable disruptions include auto mobile accidents,
breakdowns, and emergency road closures.
The impact of disruption to traffic flow depends on the
location, the duration of the disruption [9]. Due to
unpredictable disruptions, long-termforecastingmaynot be
accurate enough for practical use. However, short-term
traffic prediction, if properly done, may reach an accuracy
level that is useful for several applications, e.g., we may just
want to know the traffic flow volume within 10 min to 30
min for deciding our route while driving.
Traffic flow conditions are extremely uncertain in current
complex transportation network situation, due to the
heterogeneous and dynamic nature of traffic to nonlinear
interactions between drivers and environments. Moreover,
the traffic state of a specific location is highly influenced by
its upstream and downstream traffic conditions besides the
traffic conditions in the past and future periods,andthusthe
spatial and temporal correlations are the inherent features
of traffic flow. Most of traditional classification approaches
take the traffic flows as the individual and independent
instances, which do not consider thecorrelationinformation
among traffic flows.
In the last several decades, there have been manystudiesfor
predicting short term traffic flow. Recently, there have been
various traffic flow prediction systems, models and
algorithms using statistics-based approaches and
computational intelligence-based approaches.
Despite the popularity, existing work tends to suffer from
the various problems. Firstly, in a city where traffic jam
occurs, the traffic flows at different locations will influence
each other. In a complicated traffic network, the influences
between different locations are decided by traffic network
structure, signal light, commercial layout, etc. Secondly, it
requires the storage of the whole training set which would
be an excessive amount of storage for large data sets and
leads to a large computation time in the classification stage.
The existing methods built the model based on time-series
data regardless of spatial influences. Most of the existing

studies, adopt few useful features, which cannot provide
sufficient information for forecasting.
In recent years, deep learning has drawn a lotofattention on
the tasks of classification, natural language processing,
dimensionalityreduction,objectdetection,motionmodeling,
etc. The method first uses the deep network to rebuild input
features, and then train neural network for predicting the
traffic flow [12]. The proposed system uses a convolution
neural network approach under Apache Spark on Hadoop
platform. Convolution Neural Network (CNN) is used to
forecast traffic flow and KNN is used to find the spatial
influences that exist in locations. The input to the method is
historical traffic flow data from target locationandhistorical
data about other nearby locations. These data are grouped
together to build a feature matrix for prediction. This
proposed approach for real-time traffic flow prediction has
superior performance by speeding up the classification
process and reducing the storage requirements and
processing time. More importantly, with reasonable
execution time, the classification performance can be
significantly improved by flow correlationinformation,even
under the extremely difficult circumstance of very large
training samples.
2. RELATED WORK
Researchers have been trying to make traffic flow
forecasting more accurate since last few years. Based on the
length of time interval, there are long-term forecasting and
short-term forecasting.
Long-term forecasting indicates making a prediction by
month or by year. The volume of traffic flow is large and
relatively stable, and it is slightly affected by the daily
accident. For example, Zhong sheng Hou et al. [6] proposed a
method based on ARIMA to forecast traffic flow in a month
after they revealed that their time series data had the long
term trend and the fluctuations at the 12-hour time scale.
For short term forecasting, auto regressive integrated
moving average (ARIMA) models, and artificial neural
network (ANN) [1] models are widely exploited. Xiangjie
Kong et al. [11] proposed a plan moving average algorithm
for utilizing previous days historical data. In addition, some
researchers have compared the seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA)
model, which is a TSA model, and showed its excellent
prediction performance. Fuying Yu et al.[9] compared
SARIMAandnonparametric(data-drivenregression)models.
The authors in this research concluded that the SARIMA
model has better performance than the nonparametric
regression models.
H. Hu et al.[14] additionally compared time-series
analysis methods and SVR models and concluded that
SARIMA showed the best performance. In addition, there are
some integration models for this task. For example, Su Yang
et al. [2] proposed a 3-stage model which integrates ARIMA
and ANN, which uses the ARIMA forecasting data as a part of
the input of ANN. X. Chen et al. [16] studied an ensemble
model which consists of a statistical method and a neural
network bagging model.
Yuqi Wang and Wengen Li proposed method for
predicting traffic congestion correlation between road
segments on GPS trajectories [3]. Method extract various
features on each pair of road segments from road network.
The result of this is input to the several classifiers to predict
congestion correlation. It use classifiers like decision tree,
Logistic regression, Random forest and Support vector
machines.
Besides, researchers also consider the use of integrated
data. Hao-Fan Yang et al. [4] proposed a Gaussian mixture
model clustering (GMM) method to partition the data set for
training ANN. Deep learningmethodshavealsogainedalotof
attention recently. Jinyoung Ahn et al. [5] used a stacked
autoencoder (SAE) tolearn generic traffic flow features. Y.Lv
et al. [12] applieda deep belief networks modelintrafficflow
prediction, which adopts multitask learning to reduce the
error.
To sum up, all the above-mentioned methods have many
desirable properties in different disciplines, and thus it is
hard to conclude that which one of these is significantly
superior to other methods in any situation. One of the best
essential reasons is that the accuracy of prediction models
which are developed with small scale separatespecifictraffic
data depends on the traffic flow features embedded in the
collected traffic data. Furthermore, most of the existing
models are performed in stand-alone models, and thus the
computational effort is expensive [7] and the capability of
data processing and storage is restricted. However,
researchers also developed a general architecture of
distributed modeling in a MapReduce framework for traffic
flow forecasting[8], to efficiently process large-scale traffic
data on a Hadoop platform.
As of now, there is diversified research in all the
techniques and platform. The proposed work suggests,
Traffic flow prediction of large volume traffic data using a
classification approach in Apache Spark.
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 Proposed Architecture
Fig. 1 shows architectural design of proposed system.
Following are important modules in the system :
Storage System : Apache HDFS is used as an underFS
storage system. User’s CSV files, trained models, testing and
training data set stored in HDFS. Data processing is done
through Apache Spark.

Computation Framework : Apache Spark is used for
computation. Data classifier and predictorisbuiltinSpark.It
access traffic flow data in CSV format. Spark’s Mlib is used
for training KNN and CNN model.
Preprocessing : The module fetchesdata accordingtouser’s
query, to analyze the data and to find the minimum average
flow, average speed and average journey time.
Data Classifier and predictor : The input of K-Nearest
Neighbor model is user’s current location, user’sdestination
location and timestamp. It gets the current time and other
related values. It collects all parameters such as traffic flow,
average speed. Distance is calculated from source to
destination considering different routes. The top k routes
with their respective parameters are fetched from this. The
input to the CNN is traffic flow, average speed, average
journey time. All routes are fetched from KNN and calculate
weight for each route. Generate a hash map and store each
link and traffic flow in it. From polling layer, more accurate
values will be calculated. Store all list into result.
Fig 1 : Traffic Flow Prediction System architecture
Web Application : User registers for traffic flow prediction
system using a web application, providing their own details.
After successfully login to site, user can search for places
where they want to go at a particular time, to know the
traffic flow at that particular place. After analyzing data, the
system gives output as different routesconsideringtheinput
and traffic flow of that place.
3.1 System Algorithm
1. KNN CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM
Input: User’s current location, User’s destination location,
Timestamp
Output: Link description collection with path details KNN [].
Step 1: Get current time and other related values.
Step 2: Collect all average total values and traffic flow.
Step 3: Calculate distance using below formula.
L=Wi1,Wi2,Wi3,……,Win Weight of each list
C = c1,c2,…..,cn clusters of each list
Step 4: UrlList = URL1(w), URL2(w).. URLn(w)
Step 5: Add each UL to KNN [].
Step 6: Return KNN [].
2. CNN PREDICTION ALGORITHM
Input: Output list of KNN [].
Output: Single or double Link description with path details
Step 1: For each (Link k to KNN)
Step 2: Get each object KNN[k]
Step 3: Calculate each object weight
Step 4: Generate hashmap <double, string>
Store each link into Map <x, object>
end for
Step 5: Polling layer : SortMap(Map)
Step 6: Find first 3 objects from list
Step 7: Store all list into Res[].
Step 8: Return Res[].
4. RESULTS
4.1 Performance Evaluation
The performance of the algorithm is measured on following
parameters:
1. Accuracy
2. System Response Time
We use two widely employed evaluation measures to assess
the forecast performance:
The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) is a way to measure
the average error of the forecasting results and is calculated
by
Here, xt and xp are the actual and the forecast values.nisthe
total number of locations.

The Mean Relative Error (MRE) is a way to measure the
proportional error oftheforecastingresultsandiscalculated
by
4.2 Analysis and Discussion
Lower the RMSE higher the system accuracy, Fig. 2 shows
Root Mean Squared Error of Single CNN, DGCNN and
Proposed System from which we can conclude that our
proposed system have higher accuracy than the existing
system.
Fig 2 : RMSE for Single CNN, DGCNN and Proposed System
Lower the MRE higher the system accuracy, Fig. 3 shows
Mean Relative Error of Single CNN, DGCNN and Proposed
System from which we can conclude that our proposed
system have higher accuracy than the existing system.
Fig 3 : MRE for Single CNN, DGCNN and Proposed System
5. CONCLUSION
A system is proposed to predict the traffic flow from
historical traffic flow data. Whenever user search fora route,
then only that data will be extracted from historical traffic
flow data. The K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm is used for
finding K-Nearest Neighborsfrom source to destination. The
Convolution Neural Network algorithm is used to predict
traffic flow from those nearest neighbors. The system gives
output as predicted traffic flow with their respective routes.
Proposed system improves the accuracy of traffic flow
prediction system and reduces the prediction time by a
factor of 2.5x .
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Classification Approach for Big Data Driven Traffic Flow Prediction using Apache Spark

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