Basic Introduction to Computer Programming.ppt

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ArslanHassan21

Computer programming is the process of writing instructions that direct a computer to carry out specific tasks

Programming Languages (-1-)
 A programming language is an artificial
language designed for creating instructions that a
computer can carry out
 In contrast, the languages we speak [e.g., English / Urdu] are
natural languages
 Programming languages differ from natural
languages in that
 natural languages are used for interaction between people
 programming languages allow humans to communicate
instructions to machines as well as machine-to-machine
interaction

Programming Languages (-2-)
 Programming languages can be divided into two major
categories
 Low-level languages
 Require the programmer to write instructions for the lowest level of
computer’s hardware
 Easy for computer to understand; Difficult for humans
 Examples: Machine Language, Assembly Language
 High-level languages
 Makes programming process easier by providing commands such
as PRINT or WRITE instead of unintelligible strings of 1s and 0s
 Examples: FORTRAN, C, C++, Java, Python …
 Languages can also be categorized by generations

LOW-LEVEL
LANGUAGES
Programming Language
Categorization
HARDWARE
MACHINE LANGUAGE
ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGES
1st
Generation
Language [1GL]
2GL
3GL, 4GL

Machine Language /
Machine Code
 The first languages for programming computers – sometimes
referred to as first-generation languages
 A machine language consists of a set of commands,
represented as a series of 1s and 0s, corresponding to the
instruction set understood by a microprocessor
 A machine language is specific to a particular CPU or
microprocessor family
 High-level languages are (mostly) translated [compiled] to
machine language in order to be understood and executed by
the microprocessor

Example
Add the registers 1 and 2. Place the result in
register 6.
[ op | rs | rt | rd | shamt | funct ]
0 1 2 6 0 32
decimal 000000 00001 00010 00110 00000
100000 binary
Machine Language /
Machine Code

Assembly Language
 Allows programmers to use abbreviated
command words rather than 1s and 0s used in
machine languages
 A significant improvement over machine languages
 Mnemonics such as ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, JMP etc are
more understandable than 0001, 0100 etc
 Also referred to as second-generation languages
 Assembly languages are also machine specific
 Each assembly language command corresponds on a
one-to-one basis to a machine language instruction

Assembly Language
Example 1
Add 10 to the variable MARKS
ADD MARKS, 10
Example 2
Transfer the value 10 to the AL register
MOV AL, 10

High-level languages
C/C++, JAVA, BASIC and etc.
 Similar to everyday English,
 Use mathematical notations
Example 1
Add 10 to the variable MARKS
MARKS = MARKS + 10;
Example 2
Assign the value 10 to the variable A, value 20 to variable B,
add them and store the results in variable C
A = 10; B = 20;
C = A + B;

Next
 Now we move on to: C How to Program

This document provides an introduction to programming languages. It defines a programming language as a coded language that allows programmers to write instructions for computers. It describes machine language as the lowest level language that computers can directly understand as binary, and high-level languages as simpler languages that require compilation. It then lists and defines the three main types of programming languages: machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages such as C++ and Java.

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Basic Introduction to Computer Programming.ppt

1. Computer Programming

2. Computer Programming  Computer programming is the process of writing instructions that direct a computer to carry out specific tasks  A computer program is a set of step-by- step instructions that tell a computer how to solve a problem or carry out a task  The instructions that make up a computer program are often referred to as code  A program is written in a computer programming language

3. Programming Languages (-1-)  A programming language is an artificial language designed for creating instructions that a computer can carry out  In contrast, the languages we speak [e.g., English / Urdu] are natural languages  Programming languages differ from natural languages in that  natural languages are used for interaction between people  programming languages allow humans to communicate instructions to machines as well as machine-to-machine interaction

4. Programming Languages (-2-)  Programming languages can be divided into two major categories  Low-level languages  Require the programmer to write instructions for the lowest level of computer’s hardware  Easy for computer to understand; Difficult for humans  Examples: Machine Language, Assembly Language  High-level languages  Makes programming process easier by providing commands such as PRINT or WRITE instead of unintelligible strings of 1s and 0s  Examples: FORTRAN, C, C++, Java, Python …  Languages can also be categorized by generations

5. LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGES Programming Language Categorization HARDWARE MACHINE LANGUAGE ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES 1st Generation Language [1GL] 2GL 3GL, 4GL

6. Machine Language / Machine Code  The first languages for programming computers – sometimes referred to as first-generation languages  A machine language consists of a set of commands, represented as a series of 1s and 0s, corresponding to the instruction set understood by a microprocessor  A machine language is specific to a particular CPU or microprocessor family  High-level languages are (mostly) translated [compiled] to machine language in order to be understood and executed by the microprocessor

7. Example Add the registers 1 and 2. Place the result in register 6. [ op | rs | rt | rd | shamt | funct ] 0 1 2 6 0 32 decimal 000000 00001 00010 00110 00000 100000 binary Machine Language / Machine Code

8. Assembly Language  Allows programmers to use abbreviated command words rather than 1s and 0s used in machine languages  A significant improvement over machine languages  Mnemonics such as ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, JMP etc are more understandable than 0001, 0100 etc  Also referred to as second-generation languages  Assembly languages are also machine specific  Each assembly language command corresponds on a one-to-one basis to a machine language instruction

9. Assembly Language Example 1 Add 10 to the variable MARKS ADD MARKS, 10 Example 2 Transfer the value 10 to the AL register MOV AL, 10

10. High-level languages C/C++, JAVA, BASIC and etc.  Similar to everyday English,  Use mathematical notations Example 1 Add 10 to the variable MARKS MARKS = MARKS + 10; Example 2 Assign the value 10 to the variable A, value 20 to variable B, add them and store the results in variable C A = 10; B = 20; C = A + B;

11. Next  Now we move on to: C How to Program

Basic Introduction to Computer Programming.ppt

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