2 debugging-c

Debugging C Programs

Mark Handley

What is debugging?

 Debugging is not getting the compiler to compile
your code without syntax errors or linking errors.
 Although this can sometimes take some time when
a language is unfamiliar.

 Debugging is what you do when your code compiles,
but it doesn’t run the way you expected.
 “Why doesn’t it work? What do I do now?”

1

Grace Hopper, 1945

Debugging Hints

 To solve a problem, you must understand it.

 Make life easier for yourself:
 Indent your code properly.
 Use meaningful variable names.
 Print debugging to stderr or stdout, but not both,
or your debugging output may be reordered.
 Develop incrementally. Test as you go.

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Get the Compiler to Help!
 The C compiler isn’t as pedantic as a Java compiler,
but it can still help you out.
 Use the compiler flags. With gcc:
 -g includes debugging systems
 -Wall turns on (almost) all compiler warnings.
 Eg: gcc -g -Wall -o foo foo.c

 Use the manual. On Unix the man pages are an
excellent reference for all standard library functions:
 man fgets

FGETS(3) FreeBSD Library Functions Manual FGETS(3)

NAME
fgets, gets -- get a line from a stream

LIBRARY
Standard C Library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>

char *
fgets(char *str, int size, FILE *stream);

char *
gets(char *str);

DESCRIPTION
The fgets() function reads at most one less than the number of characters
specified by size from the given stream and stores them in the string
str. Reading stops when a newline character is found, at end-of-file or
error. The newline, if any, is retained. If any characters are read and
there is no error, a `0' character is appended to end the string.

3

Debugging Hints

 When it doesn’t work, pause, read the output very
carefully, read your code, and think first.
 It is way too easy to start hacking, without
reviewing the evidence that’s in front of your nose.

 If there is not enough evidence to find and
understand a problem, you need to gather more
evidence.
 This is the key to debugging.

Gathering Evidence
 Two ways to fail:
1. Program did something different from what you expected.
2. Program crashed. In C, likely symptoms of a crash:

Segmentation fault: core dumped.

Bus error: core dumped.

Floating point exception: core dumped.

 We’ll deal with crashes a little later.

4

Gathering Evidence
 Program did something different from what you expected.
 Task 1: figure out what the program did do.
 Task 2: figure out how to make it do what you wanted it to
do.

 Don’t jump in to task 2 before doing task 1. You’ll probably
break something else, and still not fix the bug.
 And there may be similar bugs elsewhere in your code
because you made the same error more than once.

 Don’t jump into the debugger first - it stops you reading your
code. A debugger is only one debugging tool.
 Occasionally code behaves differently in a debugger.

Gathering Evidence
 Did the program take the path through your code that you
expected? How do you know?

 Annotate the expected code path.
 printf(“here 7n”);
 printf(“entering factorial()n”);
 printf(“leaving factorial()n”);
 It’svery common for your program to take a different path.
 Often when you see this, the bug will be obvious.

5

Gathering Evidence
Print the values of key variables. What are you looking for?

 Did you initialise them?
 C won’t usually notice if you didn’t.
 Were type conversions done correctly?
 Did you pass the parameters in the wrong order?
 Print out the parameters as they were received in the
function.
 Did you pass the right number of parameters?
 C won’t always notice.
 Did some memory get overwritten?
 A variable spontaneously changes value!

Common C Errors
 Missing break in a switch statement

 Using = instead of ==
 if (a = 0) { ..... }

 Spurious semicolon:
while (x < 10);
x++;

 Missing parameters:
printf(“The value of a is %dn”);

 Wrong parameter type in printf, scanf, etc:
double num;
printf(“The value of n is %dn”, num);

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Common C Errors
 Array indexing:
 int a[10]; has indices from 0 to 9

 Comparing Strings:
char s1 = “test”
char s1 = “test”
if (s1 == s2)
printf(“Equaln”);
 You must use strcmp() or strncmp() to compare strings.

Common C Errors

 Integer division:
double half = 1/2;
 This sets half to 0 not 0.5!

 1 and 2 are integer constants.

 At least one needs to be floating point:
double half = 1.0/2;

 Or cast one to floating point:
int a = 1, b = 2;
double half = ((double)1)/2.

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Common C Errors
Missing headers or prototypes:
double x = sqrt(2);
 sqrt is a standard function defined in the maths library.
 It won’t work properly if you forget to include math.h
which defines the function prototype:
double sqrt(double)
 C assumes a function returns an int if it doesn’t know
better.

 Also link with -lm:
gcc -o foo -lm foo.c

Common C Errors
Spurious pointers:
 char *buffer;
 fgets(buffer, 80, stdin);

With pointers, always ask yourself :
 “Which memory is this pointer pointing to?”.
 If it’s not pointing anywhere, then assign it the
value NULL
 If your code allows a pointer to be NULL, you must
check for this before following the pointer.

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Crashes
[eve:~] mjh% gcc -g -o foo foo.c
[eve:~] mjh% ./foo
Enter an integer: 10
Enter an integer: Finished
Value: 20
Value: 10
Bus error (core dumped)
[eve] mjh%

What do you do now?

Core Files
Segmentation fault: core dumped.
The program tried to access memory that did not belong to it.
The error was detected by the OS.

Bus error: core dumped.
The program tried to access memory that did not belong to it.
The error was detected by the CPU.

Floating point exception: core dumped.
The CPU’s floating point unit trapped an error.

In all these, the OS was kind enough to save your program’s
memory image at the time of the crash in a core file.

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Crashes
[eve:~] mjh% gcc -g -o foo foo.c
[eve:~] mjh% ./foo
Value: 20
Value: 10
Bus error (core dumped)
[eve] mjh% gdb foo foo.core
GNU gdb 5.3-20030128 (Apple version gdb-309)
...
Core was generated by `./foo'.
#0 0x00001d20 in main () at foo.c:44
44 printf("Value: %dn", p->value);
(gdb) print p
$1 = (struct element *) 0x0

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The culprit
/* print out the numbers we stored */
p = head;
for (i=0; i<10; i++) {
printf("Value: %dn", p->value);
p = p->next;
}

Breakpoints
(gdb) break foo.c:44
Breakpoint 1 at 0x1d14: file foo.c, line 44.
(gdb) run

Breakpoint 1, main () at foo.c:44
(gdb) print p
(gdb) cont
Continuing.
'Value: 10

Breakpoint 1, main () at foo.c:44
(gdb) print p

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Stack traces
struct element {
int value;
struct element* next;
};

void print_element(struct element *p) {
printf("Value: %dn", p->value);
}

void print_list(struct element *p) {
print_element(p);
print_list(p->next);
}

main() {
struct element *head = NULL;
/* read in some numbers */
...
print_list(head);
}

Stack traces
[eve:~] mjh% gdb foo foo.core
GNU gdb 5.3-20030128 (Apple version gdb-309) (Thu Dec 4
15:41:30 GMT 2003)
...
Core was generated by `./foo'.
#0 0x00001c04 in print_element (p=0x0) at foo.c:11
(gdb) bt
#0 0x00001c04 in print_element (p=0x0) at foo.c:11
#1 0x00001c40 in print_list (p=0x0) at foo.c:15
#2 0x00001c4c in print_list (p=0x300140) at foo.c:16
#4 0x00001d20 in main () at foo.c:52
(gdb) up 2
16 print_list(p->next);
(gdb) print p->next

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Conclusions

 Lots of ways to shoot yourself in the foot.
 Good style helps prevent dumb errors because your
code is more readable.
 Debugging is an art, acquired by practice.
 If you’re really stuck, take a break.
 Debugging is hard if you’re tired.
 Your subconscious often needs space to debug
your code by itself.

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