03 oo with-c-sharp

Writing Object
Oriented Software
with C#

C# and OOP
 C# is designed for the .NET Framework
 The .NET Framework is Object Oriented
 In C#
 Your access to the OS is through objects
 You have the ability to create first class
objects
 The FCL is designed for extension and
integration by your code

Defining Classes
class Name:BaseType{
// Members
}

Namespace NameName{
class Name:BaseType{
}
}

class MyType{
public static String someTypeState;
public Int32 x;
public Int32 y;
}

Accessibility
 In C#, private is the default accessibility
 Accessibilities options
 public – Accessible to all
 private – Accessible to containing class
 protected – Accessible to containing or derived classes
 internal – Accessible to code in same assembly
 protected internal – means protected or internal
 Classes can be marked as public or internal
 By default they are private
 Accessible only to code in the same source module

Type Members in C#
 Fields
 The state of an object or type
 Methods
 Constructors
 Functions
 Properties (smart fields)
 Members come in two basic forms
 Instance – per object data and methods
 Default
 Static – per type data and methods
 Use the static keyword

Methods
 Declared inline with type definition
class MyType{
public Int32 SomeMethod(){
return x;
}

public static void StaticMethod(){
// Do something
}
}

 No inline keyword, methods are inlined
when appropriate by the JIT compiler

Properties
 Methods that look like fields (smart fields)
class Point{
Int32 x;
Int32 y;
public Int32 X{
get{return x;}
set{x = value;}
}
public Int32 Y{
get{return y;}
set{y = value;}
}
}

 Can have read-only or write-only properties

Demo Classes and Properties

Point-0.cs

Instance Constructors
 Constructors are used to initialize fields
 You can implement simpler constructors in terms of more
complex ones with the this keyword (suggested)
class Point{
Int32 x;
Int32 y;

public Point():this(0, 0){}

public Point(Int32 x, Int32 y){
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
}
 You can indicate which base constructor to call
 Use the base keyword

Type (static) Constructors
 Type constructors are used to initialize
static fields for a type
 Only one static constructor per type
 Called by the Common Language Runtime
 Guaranteed to be called before any reference to
the type or an instance of the type
 Must have no parameters
 Use the static keyword to indicate a type
constructor

Derivation and Object
 All types in the system are derived from Object
 You can specify a base class
 Without a base class the compiler assumes Object
 Object reference variables are used as generic
references
 Collection classes in the Framework Class Library
 Object implements useful methods like
 ToString(),GetType()
 ReferenceEquals()

Polymorphism and Virtual Functions
 Use the virtual keyword to make a method virtual
 In derived class, override method is marked with the
override keyword
 Example
 ToString() method in Object class
public virtual string ToString();
 Example derived class overriding ToString()

class SomeClass:Object{
public override String ToString(){
return “Some String Representing State”;
}
}
Polymorphism.cs

C# and Events
 C# has built in support for events
 Great for dealing with objects in an event-driven
operating system
 Improved performance and flexibility over an all-
virtual-function solution
 More than one type can register interest in a
single event
 A single type can register interest in any number
of events

Handling an Event
EventHand.cs
using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
class MyForm:Form{
MyForm(){
Button button = new Button();
button.Text = "Button";
button.Click += new EventHandler(HandleClick);
Controls.Add(button);
}
void HandleClick(Object sender, EventArgs e){
MessageBox.Show("The Click event fired!");
}
public static void Main(){
Application.Run(new MyForm());
}
}

Defining an Event
 Based on a callback mechanism called a delegate
class EventInt{
Int32 val;
public Int32 Value{
get{return val;}
set{
if(Changed != null)
Changed(value, val);
val = value;
}
}
public event Callback Changed;
public delegate
void Callback(Int32 newVal, Int32 oldVal);
}

EventInt.cs

Callback Methods (Delegates)
Delegates.cs
using System;
delegate void MyDelegate(String message);
class App{
public static void Main(){
MyDelegate call = new MyDelegate(FirstMethod);
call += new MyDelegate(SecondMethod);
call("Message A");
call("Message B");
}
static void FirstMethod(String str){
Console.WriteLine("1st method: "+str);
}
static void SecondMethod(String str){
Console.WriteLine("2nd method: "+str);
}
}

Interfaces
 C# supports interfaces
 Your types can implement interfaces
 Must implement all methods in the interface
 You can define custom interfaces
 Interfaces can contain methods but no fields
 Propertiesand events included
 Constructors are not supported in interfaces

 Use the interface keyword
interface Name{
// Members
}
Sortable.cs

Operator Overloading and Type
Conversion
 C# allows you to write operator overload
methods
 Called when a custom type is used in an
expression with operators
 Can overload: +, -, *, |, etc.
 Can create custom cast methods
 Implicitlyor explicitly convert your type to
another type

Overloading.cs TypeConverters.cs

C# and OOP
 C# and the .NET Framework promote
component development
 Can use binary or pre-compiled objects
 More applications will use more components
 Creates a market for third-party component
venders
 Strong security story allows for internet
deployment of objects
 C# has a great set of tools for the object
oriented programmer

03 oo with-c-sharp

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