Deep Dive into Fundamentals of Programming with C#

This guide provides detailed descriptions, practical examples, and real-world applications for each fundamental concept in C# programming and software development.

1. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in C#

OOP is a programming paradigm that organizes code into objects (instances of classes) rather than functions. It promotes modularity, reusability, and maintainability through four core principles.

Key Concepts

Encapsulation

• What it is: Bundling data (fields) and methods (functions) into a single unit (class) while restricting direct access to internal state.
• Why use it? Protects data integrity and reduces unintended side effects.

Example: 

public class BankAccount {
    private decimal _balance; // Hidden from direct access
    public void Deposit(decimal amount) => _balance += amount; // Controlled modification
}        

Inheritance

• What it is: A mechanism where a child class inherits properties and behaviors from a parent class.
• Why use it? Promotes code reuse and hierarchical relationships.

Example:

public class Animal { public void Eat() => Console.WriteLine("Eating"); }
public class Dog : Animal { } // Dog inherits Eat()        

Polymorphism

• What it is: The ability of objects to take different forms (e.g., method overriding, interfaces).
• Why use it? Enables flexible and extensible code.

Example:

public interface IPayment { void Process(); }
public class CreditCardPayment : IPayment { public void Process() => Console.WriteLine("Processing credit card"); }        

Abstraction

• What it is: Hiding complex implementation details and exposing only essential features.
• Why use it? Simplifies interaction with systems.

Example:
public abstract class Shape {
    public abstract double Area(); // No implementation here
}        

Next Part ...(Design Patterns)

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