Articles, best practices & tutorials

You can also find resources using the Technique index and Topic index, which provide more fine-grained access to information.

Getting Started

• Getting Started with the W3C I18n site
• Introducing Character Sets and Encodings
• Language on the Web
• Internationalization Quick Tips for the Web

Characters

• Character encodings for beginners
• Character encodings
• Handling character encodings in HTML and CSS
• Character encodings: Essential concepts
• Choosing & applying a character encoding
• Declaring character encodings in HTML
• Declaring character encodings in CSS
• The byte-order mark (BOM) in HTML
• Normalization in HTML and CSS
• Characters or markup?
• Changing an HTML page encoding to UTF-8
• Setting encoding in web authoring applications
• Using character escapes in markup and CSS
• Document character set
• Setting the HTTP charset parameter
• Setting charset information in .htaccess
• Checking HTTP Headers
• Checking the character encoding using the validator
• HTML, XHTML, XML and Control Codes
• Missing characters and glyphs
• Who uses Unicode?
• Migrating to Unicode

Language

• Declaring language in HTML
• Language tags in HTML and XML
• Choosing a language tag
• Two-letter or three-letter ISO language codes
• Why use the language attribute?
• Setting language preferences in a browser
• Working with language in HTML
• xml:lang in XML document schemas
• Tagging text with no language
• Indicating the language of a link destination
• HTTP headers, meta elements and language information
• Understanding the New Language Tags
• Accept-Language used for locale setting

Markup & text

• Working with Composite Messages
• Re-using Strings in Scripted Content
• Ruby
• Ruby Markup and Styling
• Using b and i tags
• Using HTML's translate attribute
• Non-English tags

Text direction

• Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm basics
• Creating HTML Pages in Arabic, Hebrew and Other Right-to-left Scripts
• Creating SVG Tiny Pages in Arabic, Hebrew and other Right-to-left scripts
• Structural markup and right-to-left text in HTML
• Inline markup and bidirectional text in HTML
• Unicode controls vs. markup for bidi support
• Using Unicode controls for bidi text
• CSS vs. markup for bidi support
• Bidi space loss
• Visual vs. logical ordering of text
• Script direction and languages

Styling & layout

• CSS3 and International Text
• Text size in translation
• Background images that support localization
• Styling using the lang attribute

Forms

• Multilingual form encoding

Navigation

• Using <select> to Link to Localized Content
• Sorting select options
• When to use language negotiation
• Apache MultiViews language negotiation set up

Web addresses

• An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses

Cultural issues

• Display capabilities
• Date formats
• Personal names around the world
• Dates and Time

Other

• Localization vs. Internationalization
• Monolingual vs. multilingual Web sites
• International & multilingual web sites
• Serving HTML & XHTML