Abstract

This specification defines the 2D Context for the HTML canvas element. The 2D Context provides objects, methods, and properties to draw and manipulate graphics on a canvas drawing surface.

Status of This document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

If you wish to make comments regarding this document in a manner that is tracked by the W3C, please submit them via using our public bug database. If you cannot do this then you can also e-mail feedback to public-html-comments@w3.org (subscribe, archives), and arrangements will be made to transpose the comments to our public bug database. All feedback is welcome.

Work on extending this specification typically proceeds through extension specifications which should be consulted to see what new features are being reviewed.

The bulk of the text of this specification is also available in the WHATWG HTML Living Standard, under a license that permits reuse of the specification text.

The working groups maintains a list of all bug reports that the editors have not yet tried to address and a list of issues for which the chairs have not yet declared a decision. You are very welcome to file a new bug for any problem you may encounter. These bugs and issues apply to multiple HTML-related specifications, not just this one.

Implementors should be aware that this specification is not stable. Implementors who are not taking part in the discussions are likely to find the specification changing out from under them in incompatible ways. Vendors interested in implementing this specification before it eventually reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage should join the aforementioned mailing lists and take part in the discussions.

Publication as a Editor's Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

The latest stable version of the editor's draft of this specification is always available on the W3C HTML git repository.

The W3C HTML Working Group is the W3C working group responsible for this specification's progress. This specification is the 22 November 2013 Editor's Draft. This specification is intended to become a W3C Recommendation.

Work on this specification is also done at the WHATWG. The W3C HTML working group actively pursues convergence of the HTML specification with the WHATWG living standard, within the bounds of the W3C HTML working group charter. There are various ways to follow this work at the WHATWG:

This specification is an extension to the HTML5 language. All normative content in the HTML5 specification, unless specifically overridden by this specification, is intended to be the basis for this specification.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

Table of Contents

  1. 1 Conformance requirements
  2. References

1 Conformance requirements

This specification is an HTML specification. All the conformance requirements, conformance classes, definitions, dependencies, terminology, and typographical conventions described in the core HTML5 specification apply to this specification. [HTML5]

Interfaces are defined in terms of Web IDL. [WEBIDL]

References

All references are normative unless marked "Non-normative".

[ABNF]
Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF, D. Crocker, P. Overell. IETF.
[ABOUT]
The 'about' URI scheme, S. Moonesamy. IETF.
[AES128CTR]
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). NIST.
[AGIF]
(Non-normative) GIF Application Extension: NETSCAPE2.0. R. Frazier.
[APNG]
(Non-normative) APNG Specification. S. Parmenter, V. Vukicevic, A. Smith. Mozilla.
[ARIA]
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA), J. Craig, M. Cooper, L. Pappas, R. Schwerdtfeger, L. Seeman. W3C.
[ARIAIMPL]
WAI-ARIA 1.0 User Agent Implementation Guide, A. Snow-Weaver, M. Cooper. W3C.
[ATAG]
(Non-normative) Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) 2.0, J. Richards, J. Spellman, J. Treviranus. W3C.
[ATOM]
(Non-normative) The Atom Syndication Format, M. Nottingham, R. Sayre. IETF.
[BCP47]
Tags for Identifying Languages; Matching of Language Tags, A. Phillips, M. Davis. IETF.
[BECSS]
Behavioral Extensions to CSS, I. Hickson. W3C.
[BEZIER]
Courbes à poles, P. de Casteljau. INPI, 1959.
[BIDI]
UAX #9: Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm, M. Davis. Unicode Consortium.
[BOCU1]
(Non-normative) UTN #6: BOCU-1: MIME-Compatible Unicode Compression, M. Scherer, M. Davis. Unicode Consortium.
[CANVAS2D]
(Non-normative) HTML Canvas 2D Context, R. Cabanier, E. Graff, J. Munro, T. Wiltzius. W3C.
[CESU8]
(Non-normative) UTR #26: Compatibility Encoding Scheme For UTF-16: 8-BIT (CESU-8), T. Phipps. Unicode Consortium.
[CHARMOD]
(Non-normative) Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0: Fundamentals, M. Dürst, F. Yergeau, R. Ishida, M. Wolf, T. Texin. W3C.
[CLDR]
Unicode Common Locale Data Repository. Unicode.
[COMPOSITE]
Compositing and Blending. R. Cabanier, N. Andronikos. W3C.
[COMPUTABLE]
(Non-normative) On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem, A. Turing. In Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, series 2, volume 42, pages 230-265. London Mathematical Society, 1937.
[COOKIES]
HTTP State Management Mechanism, A. Barth. IETF.
[CORS]
Cross-Origin Resource Sharing, A. van Kesteren. WHATWG.
[CP50220]
(Non-normative) CP50220, Y. Naruse. IANA.
[CSP]
(Non-normative) Content Security Policy, B. Sterne, A. Barth. W3C.
[CSS]
Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1, B. Bos, T. Çelik, I. Hickson, H. Lie. W3C.
[CSSANIMATIONS]
(Non-normative) CSS Animations, D. Jackson, D. Hyatt, C. Marrin, S. Galineau, L. Baron. W3C.
[CSSATTR]
CSS Styling Attribute Syntax, T. Çelik, E. Etemad. W3C.
[CSSCOLOR]
CSS Color Module Level 3, T. Çelik, C. Lilley, L. Baron. W3C.
[CSSFONTLOAD]
CSS Font Load Events, J. Daggett. W3C.
[CSSFONTS]
CSS Fonts, J. Daggett. W3C.
[CSSIMAGES]
CSS Image Values and Replaced Content Module, E. Etemad, T. Atkins. W3C.
[CSSOM]
Cascading Style Sheets Object Model (CSSOM), S. Pieters, G. Adams. W3C.
[CSSOMVIEW]
CSSOM View Module, S. Pieters, G. Adams. W3C.
[CSSRUBY]
CSS3 Ruby Module, R. Ishida. W3C.
[CSSTRANSITIONS]
(Non-normative) CSS Transitions, D. Jackson, D. Hyatt, C. Marrin, L. Baron. W3C.
[CSSUI]
CSS3 Basic User Interface Module, T. Çelik. W3C.
[CSSSCOPED]
CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3, H. Lie, E. Etemad, T. Atkins. W3C
[CSSVALUES]
CSS3 Values and Units, H. Lie, T. Atkins, E. Etemad. W3C.
[CUSTOM]
Custom Elements, D. Glazkov. W3C.
[DASH]
Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH). ISO.
[DOM]
DOM, A. van Kesteren, A. Gregor, Ms2ger. WHATWG.
[DOMEVENTS]
Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Events Specification, T. Leithead, J. Rossi, D. Schepers, B. Höhrmann, P. Le Hégaret, T. Pixley. W3C.
[DOMPARSING]
DOM Parsing and Serialization, T. Leithead. Work in Progress. W3C.
[DOT]
(Non-normative) The DOT Language. Graphviz.
[E163]
Recommendation E.163 — Numbering Plan for The International Telephone Service, CCITT Blue Book, Fascicle II.2, pp. 128-134, November 1988.
[ECMA262]
ECMAScript Language Specification. ECMA.
[ECMA357]
(Non-normative) ECMAScript for XML (E4X) Specification. ECMA.
[EDITING]
HTML Editing APIs, A. Gregor. W3C Editing APIs CG.
[ENCODING]
Encoding, A. van Kesteren, J. Bell. WHATWG.
[EUCKR]
Hangul Unix Environment. Korea Industrial Standards Association. Ref. No. KS C 5861-1992.
[EUCJP]
Definition and Notes of Japanese EUC. UI-OSF-USLP. In English in the abridged translation of the UI-OSF Application Platform Profile for Japanese Environment, Appendix C.
[EVENTSOURCE]
Server-Sent Events, I. Hickson. W3C.
[FILEAPI]
File API, A. Ranganathan. W3C.
[FILESYSTEMAPI]
File API: Directories and System, E. Uhrhane. W3C.
[FULLSCREEN]
Fullscreen, A. van Kesteren, T. Çelik. WHATWG.
[GBK]
Chinese Internal Code Specification. Chinese IT Standardization Technical Committee.
[GIF]
(Non-normative) Graphics Interchange Format. CompuServe.
[GRAPHICS]
(Non-normative) Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice in C, Second Edition, J. Foley, A. van Dam, S. Feiner, J. Hughes. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-84840-6.
[GREGORIAN]
(Non-normative) Inter Gravissimas, A. Lilius, C. Clavius. Gregory XIII Papal Bull, February 1582.
[HATOM]
(Non-normative) hAtom, D Janes. Microformats.
[HMAC]
The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC). NIST.
[HPAAIG]
HTML to Platform Accessibility APIs Implementation Guide. W3C.
[HTML4]
(Non-normative) HTML 4.01 Specification, D. Raggett, A. Le Hors, I. Jacobs. W3C.
[HTML5]
HTML5, R. Berjon, T. Leithead, E. Doyle Navara, E. O'Connor, S. Pfeiffer. W3C.
[HTML]
HTML, I. Hickson. WHATWG.
[HTMLALTTECHS]
(Non-normative) HTML5: Techniques for providing useful text alternatives, S. Faulkner. W3C.
[HTMLDIFF]
(Non-normative) HTML5 differences from HTML4, S. Pieters. W3C.
[HTTP]
Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1, R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J. Mogul, H. Frystyk, L. Masinter, P. Leach, T. Berners-Lee. IETF.
[HTTPS]
(Non-normative) HTTP Over TLS, E. Rescorla. IETF.
[IANALINKTYPE]
Link Relations. IANA.
[IANAPERMHEADERS]
Permanent Message Header Field Names. IANA.
[ICE]
Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols, J. Rosenberg. IETF.
[IEEE754]
IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE 754). IEEE. ISBN 978-0-7381-5753-5.
[ISO3166]
ISO 3166: Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions. ISO.
[ISO8601]
(Non-normative) ISO8601: Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of dates and times. ISO.
[JLREQ]
Requirements for Japanese Text Layout. W3C.
[JPEG]
JPEG File Interchange Format, E. Hamilton.
[JSON]
The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), D. Crockford. IETF.
[JSURL]
The 'javascript' resource identifier scheme, B. Höhrmann. IETF. Work in progress.
[MAILTO]
(Non-normative) The 'mailto' URI scheme, M. Duerst, L. Masinter, J. Zawinski. IETF.
[MATHML]
Mathematical Markup Language (MathML), D. Carlisle, P. Ion, R. Miner, N. Poppelier. W3C.
[MEDIAFRAG]
Media Fragments URI 1.0, R. Troncy, E. Mannens, S. Pfeiffer, D. Van Deursen. W3C CR.
[MFREL]
Microformats Wiki: existing rel values. Microformats.
[MIMESNIFF]
MIME Sniffing, G. Hemsley. WHATWG.
[MNG]
MNG (Multiple-image Network Graphics) Format. G. Randers-Pehrson.
[MPEG2]
ISO/IEC 13818-1: Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems. ISO/IEC.
[MPEG4]
ISO/IEC 14496-12: ISO base media file format. ISO/IEC.
[MQ]
Media Queries, H. Lie, T. Çelik, D. Glazman, A. van Kesteren. W3C.
[NPAPI]
(Non-normative) Gecko Plugin API Reference. Mozilla.
[NPN]
Transport Layer Security (TLS) Next Protocol Negotiation Extension, A. Langley. IETF. Work in progress.
[OGGSKELETONHEADERS]
SkeletonHeaders. Xiph.Org.
[OPENSEARCH]
Autodiscovery in HTML/XHTML. In OpenSearch 1.1 Draft 4, Section 4.6.2. OpenSearch.org.
[ORIGIN]
The Web Origin Concept, A. Barth. IETF.
[PAGEVIS]
(Non-normative) Page Visibility, J. Mann, A. Jain. W3C.
[PDF]
(Non-normative) Document management — Portable document format — Part 1: PDF. ISO.
[PNG]
Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification, D. Duce. W3C.
[POINTERLOCK]
Pointer Lock, V. Scheib. W3C.
[POLYGLOT]
(Non-normative) Polyglot Markup: HTML-Compatible XHTML Documents, E. Graff. W3C.
[PORTERDUFF]
Compositing Digital Images, T. Porter, T. Duff. In Computer graphics, volume 18, number 3, pp. 253-259. ACM Press, July 1984.
[PPUTF8]
(Non-normative) The Properties and Promises of UTF-8, M. Dürst. University of Zürich. In Proceedings of the 11th International Unicode Conference.
[PSL]
Public Suffix List. Mozilla Foundation.
[RFC1034]
Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities, P. Mockapetris. IETF, November 1987.
[RFC1123]
Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application and Support, R. Braden. IETF, October 1989.
[RFC1321]
The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm, R. Rivest. IETF.
[RFC1345]
(Non-normative) Character Mnemonics and Character Sets, K. Simonsen. IETF.
[RFC1468]
(Non-normative) Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Messages, J. Murai, M. Crispin, E. van der Poel. IETF.
[RFC1494]
(Non-normative) Equivalences between 1988 X.400 and RFC-822 Message Bodies, H. Alvestrand, S. Thompson. IETF.
[RFC1554]
(Non-normative) ISO-2022-JP-2: Multilingual Extension of ISO-2022-JP, M. Ohta, K. Handa. IETF.
[RFC1557]
(Non-normative) Korean Character Encoding for Internet Messages, U. Choi, K. Chon, H. Park. IETF.
[RFC1842]
(Non-normative) ASCII Printable Characters-Based Chinese Character Encoding for Internet Messages, Y. Wei, Y. Zhang, J. Li, J. Ding, Y. Jiang. IETF.
[RFC1922]
(Non-normative) Chinese Character Encoding for Internet Messages, HF. Zhu, DY. Hu, ZG. Wang, TC. Kao, WCH. Chang, M. Crispin. IETF.
[RFC2045]
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies, N. Freed, N. Borenstein. IETF.
[RFC2046]
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types, N. Freed, N. Borenstein. IETF.
[RFC2119]
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, S. Bradner. IETF.
[RFC2237]
(Non-normative) Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Messages, K. Tamaru. IETF.
[RFC2246]
The TLS Protocol Version 1.0, T. Dierks, C. Allen. IETF.
[RFC2313]
PKCS #1: RSA Encryption, B. Kaliski. IETF.
[RFC2318]
The text/css Media Type, H. Lie, B. Bos, C. Lilley. IETF.
[RFC2388]
Returning Values from Forms: multipart/form-data, L. Masinter. IETF.
[RFC2397]
The "data" URL scheme, L. Masinter. IETF.
[RFC2445]
Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification (iCalendar), F. Dawson, D. Stenerson. IETF.
[RFC2483]
URI Resolution Services Necessary for URN Resolution, M. Mealling, R. Daniel. IETF.
[RFC3676]
The Text/Plain Format and DelSp Parameters, R. Gellens. IETF.
[RFC2806]
(Non-normative) URLs for Telephone Calls, A. Vaha-Sipila. IETF.
[RFC3023]
XML Media Types, M. Murata, S. St. Laurent, D. Kohn. IETF.
[RFC3279]
Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile, W. Polk, R. Housley, L. Bassham. IETF.
[RFC3490]
Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA), P. Faltstrom, P. Hoffman, A. Costello. IETF.
[RFC3629]
UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646, F. Yergeau. IETF.
[RFC3864]
Registration Procedures for Message Header Fields, G. Klyne, M. Nottingham, J. Mogul. IETF.
[RFC4281]
The Codecs Parameter for "Bucket" Media Types, R. Gellens, D. Singer, P. Frojdh. IETF.
[RFC4329]
(Non-normative) Scripting Media Types, B. Höhrmann. IETF.
[RFC4366]
Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions, S. Blake-Wilson, M. Nystrom, D. Hopwood, J. Mikkelsen, T. Wright. IETF.
[RFC4395]
Guidelines and Registration Procedures for New URI Schemes, T. Hansen, T. Hardie, L. Masinter. IETF.
[RFC4648]
The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings, S. Josefsson. IETF.
[RFC5280]
Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile, D. Cooper, S. Santesson, S. Farrell, S. Boeyen, R. Housley, W. Polk. IETF.
[RFC5322]
Internet Message Format, P. Resnick. IETF.
[RFC5724]
URI Scheme for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Short Message Service (SMS), E. Wilde, A. Vaha-Sipila. IETF.
[RFC6266]
Use of the Content-Disposition Header Field in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), J. Reschke. IETF.
[RFC6350]
vCard Format Specification, S. Perreault. IETF.
[SCSU]
(Non-normative) UTR #6: A Standard Compression Scheme For Unicode, M. Wolf, K. Whistler, C. Wicksteed, M. Davis, A. Freytag, M. Scherer. Unicode Consortium.
[SDP]
SDP: Session Description Protocol, M. Handley, V. Jacobson, C. Perkins. IETF.
[SDPLABEL]
The Session Description Protocol (SDP) Label Attribute, O. Levin, G. Camarillo. IETF.
[SDPOFFERANSWER]
An Offer/Answer Model with the Session Description Protocol (SDP), J. Rosenberg, H. Schulzrinne. IETF.
[SELECTORS]
Selectors, E. Etemad, T. Çelik, D. Glazman, I. Hickson, P. Linss, J. Williams. W3C.
[SHA1]
Secure Hash Standard. NIST.
[SHIFTJIS]
JIS X0208: 7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded KANJI sets for information interchange. Japanese Industrial Standards Committee.
[SRGB]
IEC 61966-2-1: Multimedia systems and equipment — Colour measurement and management — Part 2-1: Colour management — Default RGB colour space — sRGB. IEC.
[STUN]
Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN), J. Rosenberg, R. Mahy, P. Matthews, D. Wing. IETF.
[SVG]
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) Tiny 1.2 Specification, O. Andersson, R. Berjon, E. Dahlström, A. Emmons, J. Ferraiolo, A. Grasso, V. Hardy, S. Hayman, D. Jackson, C. Lilley, C. McCormack, A. Neumann, C. Northway, A. Quint, N. Ramani, D. Schepers, A. Shellshear. W3C.
[TIS620]
UDC 681.3.04:003.62. Thai Industrial Standards Institute, Ministry of Industry, Royal Thai Government. ISBN 974-606-153-4.
[TOR]
(Non-normative) Tor.
[TURN]
Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN), R. Mahy, P. Matthews, J. Rosenberg. IETF.
[TIMEZONES]
(Non-normative) Working with Time Zones, A. Phillips, N. Lindenberg, M. Davis, M.J. Dürst, F. Sasaki, R. Ishida. W3C.
[TYPEDARRAY]
Typed Array Specification, D. Herman, K. Russell. Khronos.
[TZDATABASE]
(Non-normative) Time Zone Database. IANA.
[UAAG]
(Non-normative) User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) 2.0, J. Allan, K. Ford, J. Richards, J. Spellman. W3C.
[UCA]
UTR #10: Unicode Collation Algorithm, M. Davis, K. Whistler. Unicode Consortium.
[UNDO]
UndoManager and DOM Transaction, R. Niwa.
[UNICODE]
The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium.
[UNIVCHARDET]
(Non-normative) A composite approach to language/encoding detection, S. Li, K. Momoi. Netscape. In Proceedings of the 19th International Unicode Conference.
[URL]
URL, A. van Kesteren. WHATWG.
[UTF7]
(Non-normative) UTF-7: A Mail-Safe Transformation Format of Unicode, D. Goldsmith, M. Davis. IETF.
[UTF8DET]
(Non-normative) Multilingual form encoding, M. Dürst. W3C.
[UTR36]
(Non-normative) UTR #36: Unicode Security Considerations, M. Davis, M. Suignard. Unicode Consortium.
[WCAG]
(Non-normative) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, B. Caldwell, M. Cooper, L. Reid, G. Vanderheiden. W3C.
[WEBGL]
WebGL Specification, D. Jackson. Khronos Group.
[WEBIDL]
Web IDL, C. McCormack. W3C.
Web Linking, M. Nottingham. IETF.
[WEBMSG]
Web Messaging, I. Hickson. W3C.
[WEBMCG]
WebM Container Guidelines. The WebM Project.
[WEBSOCKET]
The WebSocket API, I. Hickson. W3C.
[WEBSTORAGE]
Web Storage, I. Hickson. W3C.
[WEBVTT]
WebVTT, I. Hickson. W3C.
[WEBWORKERS]
Web Workers, I. Hickson. W3C.
[WHATWGBLOG]
The WHATWG Blog. WHATWG.
[WHATWGWIKI]
The WHATWG Wiki. WHATWG.
[WIN1252]
Windows 1252. Microsoft.
[WIN1254]
Windows 1254. Microsoft.
[WIN31J]
Windows Codepage 932. Microsoft.
[WIN874]
Windows 874. Microsoft.
[WIN949]
Windows Codepage 949. Microsoft.
[WSP]
The WebSocket protocol, I. Fette, A. Melnikov. IETF.
[X121]
Recommendation X.121 — International Numbering Plan for Public Data Networks, CCITT Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.3, pp. 317-332.
[X690]
Recommendation X.690 — Information Technology — ASN.1 Encoding Rules — Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER), and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER). International Telecommunication Union.
[XFN]
XFN 1.1 profile, T. Çelik, M. Mullenweg, E. Meyer. GMPG.
[XHR]
XMLHttpRequest, A. van Kesteren. WHATWG.
[XHTML1]
XHTML(TM) 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition). W3C.
[XHTMLMOD]
Modularization of XHTML(TM), M. Altheim, F. Boumphrey, S. Dooley, S. McCarron, S. Schnitzenbaumer, T. Wugofski. W3C.
[XML]
Extensible Markup Language, T. Bray, J. Paoli, C. Sperberg-McQueen, E. Maler, F. Yergeau. W3C.
[XMLBASE]
XML Base, J. Marsh, R. Tobin. W3C.
[XMLNS]
Namespaces in XML, T. Bray, D. Hollander, A. Layman, R. Tobin. W3C.
[XPATH10]
XML Path Language (XPath) Version 1.0, J. Clark, S. DeRose. W3C.
[XSLT10]
(Non-normative) XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0, J. Clark. W3C.
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