What is MathML?
MathML 3.0 was released as a W3C Recommendation on 21 October 2010. It is a revision of MathML 2.0, issued seven years ago. A product of the W3C Math Working Group, MathML is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication which provides a much needed foundation for the inclusion of mathematical expressions in Web pages. It is also important in publishing workflows for science and technology and wherever mathematics has to be handled by software. The new version brings, for instance, improvements for accessibility of mathematics, and for formulas in languages written from right to left. The basic markup remains the same, as the community have seven years of experience with it. See the Testimonials welcoming MathML 3.0. [more].
Try it!
A variety of implementations of MathML are available (browsers and authoring tools, educational and symbolic algebra software…), many of which are Open Source. Go to the MathML Software list for descriptions and pointers, or read the Implementation and Interoperability report.
There is a good chance that your browser already supports MathML (possibly with the addition of a plug-in).
News
2011-06-07: MathML for CSS Profile is a W3C Recommendation
With the advancement of CSS Level 2 Revision 1 to Recommendation, the MathML for CSS Profile automatically also became a Recommendation.
The Profile describes which parts of MathML3 can be formatted with CSS and which can thus be displayed by many types of software that understand CSS but do not understand MathML itself. This allows quite a large part of MathML already to be used even though not all browsers and formatters implement full MathML yet.
The specification had already been tested and reviewed by the W3C members and the W3C Director in October 2010, but it has a normative dependency on CSS, and thus couldn't be a standard unless CSS Level 2 was a standard itself.
2010-10-21: MathML3 is a W3C Recommendation
The W3C Director has advanced MathML version 3.0 to a W3C Recommendation. The press release has more information. Several companies have already expressed support for the new standard.
Compared to MathML 2, the major additions in version 3 are support for bidirectional layout, better linebreaking and explicit positioning, elementary math notations, and a new strict content MathML vocabulary with well-defined semantics.
MathML 3 is also part of version 5 of HTML (currently still in development), which means embedding math in Web documents will become easier, with direct import from HTML to mathematics software and vice versa.
The MathML for CSS Profile has also received positive reviews, but it cannot yet progress to W3C Recommendation, because it depends on CSS2, which is still in CR status. (The CSS working group expects CSS2 to become W3C Recommendation early in 2011.)
2010-08-10: MathML3 and MathML for CSS are Proposed Recommendations
The W3C Director approved the publication of the MathML version 3.0 specification and its companion, the MathML for CSS Profile, as Proposed Recommendations. Until September 10, the two documents undergo what should be the final review by the W3C members, before becoming W3C Recommendations. MathML3 was until now a Candidate Recommendation, which means it was being tested in practice. Becoming Proposed Recommendation means the tests were successful. You can see with the test suite (and the test results of a number of current implementations) how well your software supports MathML.
2010-05-10: Mathematical User Interfaces Workshop in Paris on July 10
Paul Libbrecht and the MKM Conference are organizing MathUI10, the 2010 Workshop on Mathematical User Interfaces. The workshop offers a forum discussing how users can interact with the mathematical objects represented on a computer, how they can manipulate them to feel their mathematical nature, how they can create them, how they can visualize them, and how they can understand them. The deadline for submissions is May 20.
2010-04-01: “XML Entity Definitions for Characters” is a W3C Recommendation
As expected, the specification XML Entity Definitions for Characters has become a W3C Recommendation. The W3C members expressed support for the specification and had no further requests for changes.
Design Science welcomes the XML Entity Definitions for Characters Recommendation. The nature of mathematical notation and its many symbols inevitably leads to the need for good character names. As a leading vendor of scientific communication software, we are keenly aware of the errors and confusions that have long been the result of multiple conflicting sets of names in different contexts. By providing a single, authoritative source of character names – consolidating more than a decade of painstaking work – this specification makes a significant contribution, and we look forward to implementing it in our products.
Dr. Robert Miner, Vice President, Research and Development, Design Science, Inc.
See all W3C member testimonials.
Feedlines from Planet MathML
- See the MathML Software List.
- A Gentle Introduction to MathML by Robert Miner and Jeff Schaeffer
- MathML: Presenting and Capturing Mathematics for the Web by Michael Kohlhase
- The MathML Handbook, by Pavi Sandhu
- The Importance of MathML to Mathematics Communication by R. Miner
- Mathematics on the Web with MathML by M. Froumentin
- Math on the Web: A Status Report (Sep 2002) by R. Miner and P. Topping.
- OpenMath, a language to represent semantic mathematical objects
- MathWeb.org, supporting mathematics on the Web
- Math on the Web from AMS
- MathML Central by Wolfram Research
- MathML Information Center by Design Science
- SGML/XML and Math by Robin Cover
- Zvon MathML reference & examples (requires Javascript)
- MathZilla = MathML + Mozilla
- ActiveMath, a learning environment for mathematics
- The Math Forum, an online math education community center
- Journal of Online Mathematics
- EMTeachline®educational sotfware: School mathematics in XML-MathML