A comprehensive study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types

Marc Shapiro; Nuno Preguiça; Carlos Baquero; Marek Zawirski

inria-00555588, version 1

A comprehensive study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types

Marc Shapiro ()^a^, 1, 2, Nuno Preguiça ()^b^, 3, Carlos Baquero ()^c^, 4, Marek Zawirski ()^a^, 1, 2

N° RR-7506 (2011)

Résumé : Eventual consistency aims to ensure that replicas of some mutable shared object converge without foreground synchronisation. Previous approaches to eventual consistency are ad-hoc and error-prone. We study a principled approach: to base the design of shared data types on some simple formal conditions that are sufficient to guarantee eventual consistency. We call these types Convergent or Commutative Replicated Data Types (CRDTs). This paper formalises asynchronous object replication, either state based or operation based, and provides a sufficient condition appropriate for each case. It describes several useful CRDTs, including container data types supporting both \add and \remove operations with clean semantics, and more complex types such as graphs, montonic DAGs, and sequences. It discusses some properties needed to implement non-trivial CRDTs.

a – INRIA
b – FCT - Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
c – Universidade do Minho
1 : REGAL (INRIA Rocquencourt)
INRIA – CNRS : UMR7606 – Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI
2 : Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6)
CNRS : UMR7606 – Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI
3 : Centro de Investigação em Informática e Tecnologias da Informação (CITI)
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
4 : Universidade do Minho Departamento de Informática Distributed Systems Group (Universidade do Minho Departamento de Informática)
Campus de Azurém

Collaboration : INRIA, UNL, U Minho, LIP6

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Contributeur : Marc Shapiro <>
Soumis le : Jeudi 13 Janvier 2011, 19:34:51
Dernière modification le : Lundi 4 Avril 2011, 16:32:32

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%% inria-00555588, version 1
%% http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588
@techreport{shapiro:inria-00555588,
    hal_id = {inria-00555588},
    url = {http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588},
    title = {{A comprehensive study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types}},
    author = {Shapiro, Marc and Pregui{\c c}a, Nuno and Baquero, Carlos and Zawirski, Marek},
    abstract = {{Eventual consistency aims to ensure that replicas of some mutable shared object converge without foreground synchronisation. Previous approaches to eventual consistency are ad-hoc and error-prone. We study a principled approach: to base the design of shared data types on some simple formal conditions that are sufficient to guarantee eventual consistency. We call these types Convergent or Commutative Replicated Data Types (CRDTs). This paper formalises asynchronous object replication, either state based or operation based, and provides a sufficient condition appropriate for each case. It describes several useful CRDTs, including container data types supporting both \add and \remove operations with clean semantics, and more complex types such as graphs, montonic DAGs, and sequences. It discusses some properties needed to implement non-trivial CRDTs.}},
    keywords = {eventual consistency; optimistic replication; replicated data types; distributed algorithms; distributed systems; Data replication; commutative operations},
    language = {Anglais},
    affiliation = {REGAL - INRIA Rocquencourt , Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 - LIP6 , Centro de Investiga{\c c}{\\~a}o em Inform{\'a}tica e Tecnologias da Informa{\c c}{\\~a}o - CITI , Universidade do Minho Departamento de Inform{\'a}tica Distributed Systems Group - Universidade do Minho Departamento de Inform{\'a}tica},
    pages = {50},
    type = {Rapport de recherche},
    institution = {INRIA},
    number = {RR-7506},
    collaboration = {INRIA, UNL, U Minho, LIP6 },
    year = {2011},
    month = Jan,
    pdf = {http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588/PDF/techreport.pdf},
}

%F inria-00555588, version 1
%0 Report
%U http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588
%2 INFO:INFO_OH
%T A comprehensive study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types
%A Shapiro, Marc
%A Preguiça, Nuno
%A Baquero, Carlos
%A Zawirski, Marek
%+ REGAL - INRIA Rocquencourt , Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 - LIP6 , Centro de Investigação em Informática e Tecnologias da Informação - CITI , Universidade do Minho Departamento de Informática Distributed Systems Group - Universidade do Minho Departamento de Informática
%X Eventual consistency aims to ensure that replicas of some mutable shared object converge without foreground synchronisation. Previous approaches to eventual consistency are ad-hoc and error-prone. We study a principled approach: to base the design of shared data types on some simple formal conditions that are sufficient to guarantee eventual consistency. We call these types Convergent or Commutative Replicated Data Types (CRDTs). This paper formalises asynchronous object replication, either state based or operation based, and provides a sufficient condition appropriate for each case. It describes several useful CRDTs, including container data types supporting both \add and \remove operations with clean semantics, and more complex types such as graphs, montonic DAGs, and sequences. It discusses some properties needed to implement non-trivial CRDTs.
%2 La cohérence à terme vise à assurer que les répliques d'un objet partagé modifiable convergent sans synchronisation à priori. Les approches antérieures du problème sont \emph{ad-hoc} et sujettes à erreur. Nous proposons une approche basée sur des principes formels\,: baser la conception des types de données sur des propriétés mathématiques simples, suffisantes pour garantir la cohérence à terme. Nous appelons ces types de données des CRDT \emph{(Convergent{\slash}Commutative Replicated Data Types)}. Ce papier fournit formalise la réplication asynchrone, qu'elle soit basée sur l'état ou sur les opérations, et fournit une condition suffisante adaptée à chacun de ces cas. Il décrit plusieurs CRDT utiles, dont des contenants permettant les opérations \add et \remove avec une sémantique propre, et des types de données plus complexes comme les graphes, les graphes acycliques monotones, et les séquences. Il contient une discussion de propriétés dont on a besoin pour mettre en {\oe}uvre des CRDT non triviaux.
%G Anglais
%2 Rapport de recherche
%P 50
%8 2011-01-13
%K eventual consistency; optimistic replication; replicated data types; distributed algorithms; distributed systems; Data replication; commutative operations
%Z RR-7506
%Z This research was supported in part by ANR project \href{http://concordant.lip6.fr/}{ConcoRDanT} (ANR-10-BLAN 0208), and a Google Research Award 2009. Marek Zawirski is a recipient of the Google Europe Fellowship in Distributed Computing, and this research is supported in part by this Google Fellowship. Carlos Baquero is partially supported by FCT project Castor (PTDC/EIA-EIA/104022/2008).}
%2 8353
%Z INRIA, UNL, U Minho, LIP6

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