cantonensis is a terrestrial rodent, which leads us to infer that the life cycle of this parasite would be more likely to be completed if the invertebrate
intermediate host was a terrestrial mollusk than if it were an aquatic mollusk.
Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails are freshwater
intermediate hosts for Schistosoma mansoni blood flukes, which cause intestinal schistosomiasis (1).
piscinalis can be the first
intermediate host for trematodes Ichthyocotylurus pileatus (Rudolphi, 1802) and Diplostomum baeri (Dubois, 1937), the additional hosts of which are freshwater fish, and the definitive--gulls.
Of all the hosts in the parasite's life cycle, the first
intermediate host is potentially the most vulnerable to climate change; snails are relatively primitive organisms that do not possess sophisticated physiological mechanisms to deal with elevated temperature or reduced seawater pH.
The common practice of rearing chicken in confinement has greatly reduced the occurrence of gape worm in poultry.However, in chicken houses where wild birds and the
intermediate hosts have access, gape worms may still be found in confined poultry.
An investigator attributed incidence of infection with feeding habits of the fish and availability of
intermediate host in the habitat.
They may be readily infective to some mammalian hosts or may encyst in a susceptible second
intermediate host. Recovery from the samples is usually done through strong artificial light exposure that triggers their release, and the classical method to identify them is through morphological characterization using standardized taxonomic keys [30].
(iii)
Intermediate host rock permeability and a deep intrusion emplaced at 5 km depth
The environment and management have strong relationship with fasciolids and its
intermediate host snail population (Mas-coma et al., 2001).
Rodents, birds, insectivores and even human have been reported as
intermediate host (Sterba et al., 1976; Loos-Frank, 2000; Bowman et al., 2002; Mino et al., 2013).
The second stage larvae, which are short-lived in the
intermediate host, have simpler oral regions.
KEY WORDS: eastern oyster, MSX, haplosporidian parasite, reservoir species,
intermediate host, Haplosporidium nelsoni
Resistance issues will also be highlighted along with the fourpoint plan for fluke control, which includes pasture protection in the spring and reducing the mud snail population in summer, as snails are an
intermediate host for liver fluke.
parva, are more susceptible to environmental perturbations, which makes it possible to use them as reliable biological tags of the reestablishment of the ecosystem's trophic chain, as they require the intervention of an
intermediate host, in this case a rodent, serving as prey for its definitive host.
Most species of Sarcocystis that infect domestic animals are species-specific for the
intermediate host (DUBEY et al., 1988).
